A&P 2 Lab > Lesson 11 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

what is day 0 of embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • zygote
  • formed from sperm and egg nuclei fusion
  • divides without growth to form small cells called blastocytes
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2
Q

what is day 3 of embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • morula
  • when zygotic division reaches 32 cells
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3
Q

what is day 4-6 in embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • blastocyst
  • hollowed-out morula
  • has inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer
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4
Q

inner cell mass of blastocyst does what?

A

forms the embryonic body

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5
Q

out trophoblast layer of blastocyst does what?

A

forms the chorion and fetal part of placenta

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6
Q

implantation of embryonic development

A

blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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7
Q

what is day 7 of embryonic development (form and what happens)

A
  • blastocyst implants with inner cell mass facing uterine wall
  • trophoblast secretes enzyme to erode uterine mucosa to expose vascular network in submucosa
  • chorionic villi from trophoblast and uterine tissue will form placenta
  • as implanted blastocyst grows the three embryonic layers form
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8
Q

what are the three embryonic layers

A
  • amnion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
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9
Q

amnion

A
  • encases embryo in fluid-filled chamber
  • protects against trauma, temp, and adhesion from rapid embryonic growth
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10
Q

yolk sac

A

forms embryo’s first blood cells and primordial germ cells here migrate to embryo body to form become germ cells in gonadal tissue

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11
Q

allantois

A

helps form umbilical cord

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12
Q

what is day 14 of embryonic development (form and what happens)

A
  • uterine mucosa envelops embryo
  • uterine wall beneath inner cell mass will form part of placenta
  • embryo in gastrula stage
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13
Q

decidua capsularis

A

uterine mucosa enveloping embryo

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14
Q

decidua basalis

A

uterine wall beneath inner mass

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15
Q

what is the gastrula stage of the embryo

A

three primary germ layers present and begin to differentiate for the next six weeks

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16
Q

what are the three layers that form in the gastrula stage

A
  • endoderm
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
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17
Q

endoderm

A

forms mucosa of digestive and respiratory system and their associated glands

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18
Q

ectoderm

A

forms skin and nervous system

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19
Q

mesoderm

A

forms skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of digestive organs, urinary, and circulatory system, etc.

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20
Q

what happens in week 9 of embryonic development

A
  • embryo is referred to as a fetus
  • major focus of development at this point for fetal growth and tissue/organ specialization/growth
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21
Q

all somatic cells contain

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A

46 chromosomes (diploid 2n)

22
Q

egg and sperm contain

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A

23 chromosomes (haploid n)

23
Q

how are the 46 chromosomes of the somatic cells obtained

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A

the fusion of egg and sperm

24
Q

gene

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A

unit/area on DNA (sometimes RNA) that contains hereditary information

25
alleles
genetic information coding for the same traits found in each pair of homologous chromosomes
26
homozygous trait
both alleles express the same information
27
heterozygous trait
- one allele is dominant while the other allele is recessive - recessive allele is masked by the expression of dominant allele
28
dominant gene
requires only 1 copy of the gene for expression
29
recessive gene
requires both alleles to contain the gene for expression
30
genotype
- individuals genetic makeup - whether he/she is homo/heterozygous for various alleles
31
phenotype
the physical appearance of the genes
32
what are the four main types of inheritance
- dominant/recessive inheritance - incomplete dominance - sex-linked inheritance - co-dominance
33
dominant/recessive inheritance
- mendelian genetics - dominant alleles are expressed - recessive alleles are expressed only when homozygous - genotype and phenotype determined via punnett square
34
albinism
inability to produce melanin
35
incomplete dominance
heterozygous alleles yield phenotype different than from homozygous dominant phenotype
36
a person with one recessive and dominant allele for sickle cell anemia can do what?
can make half normal and half sickle cell RBCs
37
sex-linked inheritance
inheritance of genes from the X (23rd) chromosome
38
what is determined by sex-linked inheritance
- color vision - blood clotting - baldness
39
the 22 pairs of chromosomes other than the 23rd are called
autosomes
40
if you just have X- in the 23rd chromosome what disease is presented?
turners syndrome
41
if you have XXY in the 23rd chromosome what disease is presented?
Klinefelter's syndrome
42
if there is -Y in the 23rd chromosome what happens?
the baby is miscarried
43
if there is XXX or XYY in the 23rd chromosome what disease is present?
no disease (normal physiology)
44
co-dominance
- all alleles are expressed in the phenotype - blood type
45
in blood type what alleles are dominant
A and B over O
46
in blood type which alleles are recessive
O
47
in blood type what alleles are codominant
A and B
48
Rh factor is controlled by ____ and has _____ inheritance
- another gene - dominant-recessive
49
what are the steps for determining the genotype of the offspring? (5)
- determine genotype of the parents - draw square - place alleles on x and y axes - cross parents - determine offspring genotype/phenotype
50
masking genes can do what?
alter the appearance if expected phenotype from genotype
51
only a ____ can ever be used reliably to assign parentage
genetic paternity test
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