Lesson 2

Question 1

The cell theory had three fundamental findings

Answer 1

1. All living organisms are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of the structure and organization
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

The reticular theory ignored the cell theory and found that

Answer 2

The nervous system is made up of a single continuous network of cells NOT separate cells

Question 3

Camillo Golgi invented the golgi stain which would allow scientists to visualize what?

Answer 3

Fixed neurons

Question 4

What would be applied to conduct a golgi stain?

Answer 4

Potassium dichromate and Silver nitrate

Question 5

Santiago Ramon y Cajal was the first to see the potential of the _____

Answer 5

Golgi stain

Question 6

What is the first point of the neuron doctrine?

Answer 6

Neurons (cells) are the functional units of the nervous system

Question 6

The second point of the neuron doctrine is?

Answer 6

Law of dynamic polarization.
Nerve cells have a single axon that serves as an effector, and the dendrites and cell body serve as the receptor

Question 7

Information travels from the _____ to the _____

Answer 7

Dendrites, Axon

Question 8

What is Dale’s Law?

Answer 8

Neurons use a single type of NT

Question 9

What is the purpose of Florescent Dye?

Answer 9

Can label live neurons

Question 10

How do florescent dyes work?

Answer 10

They have electrons that absorb light and emit fluorescence as the electrons drop down to lower energy levels

Question 11

Can some dyes travel through gap junctions?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is a disadvantage of the Golgi Stain?

Answer 12

You need to fix/kill the neurons to stain them

Question 13

What are marker genes?

Answer 13

Serve as a tag to find certain cells

Question 14

The technique used to detect mRNA in cells and tissue is called

Answer 14

In-situ hybridization

Question 15

How is in-situ hybridization performed?

Answer 15

A labeled antisense (a sequence complimentary to the target RNA) is used as a probe to show where the gene is expressed

Question 16

What is a disadvantage of in-situ hybridization?

Answer 16

The proteins cannot be visualized only the mRNA

Question 17

What is immunohistochemistry or immuno-labelling?

Answer 17

Protein “epitopes” are used to generate antibodies and then these antibodies bond to target proteins and can be detected

Question 18

What is an example of IHC?

Answer 18

If you create GFAP antibodies, astrocytes will be visualized

Question 19

Like fluorescent dyes, fluorescent proteins also ____ light and emit _____

Answer 19

Absorb, Fluorescence

Question 20

GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) can be used with cell-specific promoters to drive expression in ____ of interest

Answer 20

Neurons

Question 21

How much of a neuron can GFP label?

Answer 21

The entire neuron

Question 22

What is a fusion protein?

Answer 22

A protein that can have GFP protein attached to it and then you can visualize where the other protein spends its time inside and outside the cell

Question 23

Explain the central dogma of biology

Answer 23

1. Genomic DNA resides in the nucleus
2. Genes are transcribed by RNA POL to generate mRNA’s (promoters are needed to recruite transcription factors and transcribed RNA need to be processed into mRNA’s)
3. mRNA is moved into the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate RNA into AA protein sequences

Slide 25 L2

Question 24

Brainbow is similar to the ____ stain, although it is multicolour

Answer 24

Golgi

Question 25

Each fluroscent gene has a polyA tail and a STOP codon, only one colour can be trsncribed at a time because ____ will eventually reach a STOP codon

Answer 25

RNA POL

Question 26

The colour produced in the brainbow depends on the ____ that cuts sequence at random times

Answer 26

CRE enzyme

Question 27

A key limitation of multicolour staining is

Answer 27

Brainbow is ineffective at high manification so we wont be able to see things like synaptic connectivity

Question 28

A technique to label synaptically-connected neurons is

Answer 28

Static tracers

Question 29

Static tracers can be placed in the anterogade ( ____) direction to label ____ or retrograde (____) direction to label _____

Answer 29

From cell body to axon terminal, labels postsynaptic cells From axon terminal to cell body, labels presynaptic cells ## Footnote Slide 31 L2

Question 30

An anterograde tracer can be injected in the brain to see

Answer 30

Where neurons in that region project to

Question 31

A retrograde tracer can be injected into a target region to show

Answer 31

Which neurons send axons to that region

Question 32

A fluorescent dye that can be used to label mitochondria is called

Answer 32

Mitotracker

Question 33

A fluorescent dye that can be used to label lysosomes is called

Answer 33

Lysotracker

Question 34

Who was the first person to record an action potential?

Answer 34

Julius Bernstein with the rheotome