Lesson 3

Question 1

What is an example of chemical signals?

Answer 1

Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators

Question 2

What is an example of electrical signals?

Answer 2

Graded potentials, action potentials

Question 3

Who is credited with the discovery of bioelectricity in the 1700s?

Answer 3

Luigi Galvani

Question 4

What experiment did Galvani preform that caused a big discovery?

Answer 4

He applied electrical current to dissected frog legs and caused them to twitch

Question 5

The use of equipment to study bioelectricity is now referred to as

Answer 5

Electrophysiology

Question 6

Who recorded the first action potential AND resting potential of -60 mv?

Answer 6

Julius Bernstein

Question 7

What are the three ways you can record eletrophysiology?

Answer 7

1. Extracellular recording (single or double)
2. Intracellular sharp electrodes (single or double)
3. Whole-cell patch electrodes

Question 8

What is extracellular recording?

Answer 8

Records voltage/ion movement along the OUTSIDE surface of the cell

Slide 11 L3

Question 9

What is intracellular sharp electrodes?

Rec

Answer 9

Records voltage/ion movement across the cell membrane

Slide 11 L3

Question 10

What is whole-cell patch electrodes?

Answer 10

Records voltage/ion movement across the cell membrane but the large access to the cell allows you to actually change the intracellular saline/solution

Slide 11 L3

Question 11

What is GCaMP?

Answer 11

An engineered protein that can be combined with GFP to increase fluorescence when Ca+ levels rise, AP’s cause influx of Ca+, Ca+ activates CaM (Cadmodulin) CaM binds to M13 helix and pulls on the GFP protein to change its structure and increase GFP fluorescence?

Question 12

What is Cadmodulin?

Answer 12

A calcium sensor protein

Question 13

What does optical recording refer to?

Answer 13

Techniques that measure neuronal activity used light-based techniques

Question 14

Electricity can be referred to as the movement of _______ through a conductor/resister

Answer 14

Charged particles

Question 15

The sign for electricity is commonly _

Answer 15

I

Question 16

The units for electricity is ____

Answer 16

Amperes (A)

Question 17

What are the charged particles that move through wires called?

Answer 17

Electrons

Question 18

What unit are charges measured in?

Answer 18

Coulombs (C)

Question 19

Current is defined as the number of ____ moving through a conductor per ____

Answer 19

Coulombs, Second

Question 20

Voltage is defined as the _____ ____ between two points

Answer 20

Energy difference

Question 21

Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between _____, ____ and ____

Answer 21

Voltage, Charge, Conductance

Question 22

What is Ohm’s Law equation?

Answer 22

I = V x G
I is the current in amperes (C/s)
V is the electrical potential energy (J/c)
G is the conductance in siemens (S)

Question 23

A conductor is also a ______

Answer 23

Resistor

Question 24

A good conductor makes a bad _____ and vise versa

Answer 24

Resistor

Question 25

How does Ohm's Law apply to a cell?

Answer 25

Ion channels are like wires where ions flow in and out of. Ion channels are conductors to certain ions and resistors to others and this difference in energy gives rise to the concentration gradient of the cell

Question 26

If you rewrite Ohm's Law using resistance it would be

Answer 26

V = I x R V is electrical potential energy (J/c) I is the current in amperes (C/s) R is the resistance in ohms

Question 27

In excitable cells, the voltage originates from which type of gradients across the cell membrane?

Answer 27

Ion concentration gradients

Question 28

Applying a voltage across a conductor (OR resistor) results in a

Answer 28

Current

Question 29

Some ion channels conduct ____ like Na+, K+, Ca+ while other conduct _____ like Cl-, HCO3-

Answer 29

Cations, Anions

Question 30

The _____ of a cell is also considered a conductor because it contains ions that can move and carry electrical current

Answer 30

Cytoplasm

Question 31

What is a capacitor?

Answer 31

A system that has two conductive plates (cytoplasmic/extracellular salines) seperated by an insulator (like the cell membrane)

Question 32

One condition of the insulator of a capacitor is that it must be ____ so it can "sense" charges on either side of the plates

Answer 32

Thin

Question 33

Even though, ions do not travel directly through the cell membrane, a current results from the ________ of ions

Answer 33

Repulsion/Attraction

Question 34

Applied charges accumulate until the energy in the capacitor _____ the applied voltage

Answer 34

Matches

Question 35

Capacitors can ____ voltage, but cannot _____ it

Answer 35

Hold, Generate

Question 36

Essentially, capacitors ____ voltage

Answer 36

Borrow

Question 37

The ability of a capacitor to hold charge is defined by the equation:

Answer 37

C=q/V C is the capacitance, q is the charge (C) V is the electrical potential energy (or voltage) (V)

Question 38

The unit to measure capacitance is

Answer 38

Farads (F)

Question 39

A system with a large capacitance (C) is able to store ____ of charge per unit volt

Answer 39

A lot

Question 40

How does surface area affect capacitance?

Answer 40

If you increase SA, you increase C because there is more area to hold charges

Question 41

If the membrane potential goes more positive than resting (-70mV) then there is likely a ____

Answer 41

Depolarization

Question 42

If the membrane potential goes more negative than resting (-70mV) then there is likely a ____

Answer 42

Hyperpolarization

Question 43

Generally, there is more K+ ions _____ than ____

Answer 43

Inside, Outside

Question 44

Generally, there is more Na+ ions ___ than ___

Answer 44

Outside, Inside

Question 45

A type of retrogade tracer is _____

Answer 45

Cholera Toxin B (CTB)

Question 46

A type of anterogade tracer is _____

Answer 46

Phaseolus Vulgaris-Leucoagglutinin

Question 47

Can EM allow you to see _____ connectivity

Answer 47

Synaptic