1
Q
Maintaining a _____ is essential to the continuance of life.
A
BALANCED ENVIRONMENT
2
Q
Refers to everything that surrounds us.
A
ENVIRONMENT
3
Q
It includes the natural world as well as the things produced by humans.
A
Environment
4
Q
Is the study of how living things interact and depend on each other.
A
Ecology
5
Q
Pertains to the symbiotic relationship between living organisms and their physical environment.
A
Ecosystem
6
Q
It includes both living and non-living components interacting as a system.
A
Ecosystem
7
Q
Refers to the number of species of plants and animals in a given community
A
Biodiversity
8
Q
The variety of species existing
within different ecosystems that provide protection and stability to the environment.
A
Biodiversity
9
Q
process of transferring energy from one source to another.
A
Energy flow
10
Q
Living organisms obtain nourishment from
__, ___, ___ to sustain life and carry out natural functions.
A
Sunlight, food, and water
11
Q
____ act as producers by making food, while animals are consumers that rely on plants or other animals for energy.
A
Plants
12
Q
Consumers that feed only on plants.
A
Herbivores
13
Q
Consumers that feed only on meats from other animals .
A
Carnivores
14
Q
Consumers that eat both plants and meats from other animals.
A
Omnivores
15
Q
Consumers that get their food by breaking down dead organisms and provide nourishment to plants.
A
Decomposers
16
Q
A gradual change in species within an ecosystem over long periods. It may be caused by loss of food sources or habitat destruction, ending in a stable climax community.
A
Succession
17
Q
Individual living things.
A
Organism
18
Q
Group of organisms that are able to reproduce together, sharing common genes and therefore resemble each
other.
A
Species
19
Q
Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place.
A
Population
20
Q
Group of interacting populations of different species.
A
Community
21
Q
One organism kills and eats another organism. The organism that is eaten is called the prey and the other is called the predator.
A
Predation
22
Q
Two or more species attempt to use the same limited resources.
A
Competition
23
Q
Feeding on another organism without immediately killing it. The parasite takes its nourishment from another
organism known as the host.
A
Parasitism
24
Q
There is a cooperative partnership between two species where both are equally benefitted.
A
Mutualism
25
A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
Commensalism
26
The loss or acquisition of a particular trait including changes in the genetic characteristics due primarily to the
changes in the environment and unequal survival or reproduction of certain species.
Evolution by Natural Selection
27
A process where two or more species influence each other’s evolution over time. Changes in one species drive adaptations in the other, often seen in predator-prey relationships, plant-pollinator interactions, or parasite-host
dynamics. This results in traits that help each species survive and reproduce in response to the other.
Co-evolution
28
The irreversible disappearance of a population or species due mostly to the destruction of natural habitat and the loss of sources of nourishment.
Extinction
29
- combination of invisible and odorless gases that we breathe in order to live.
- also helps regulate
temperature in the environment.
- is considered polluted when it becomes contaminated with substances harmful to living organisms.
Air
30
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF AIR OF SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
1 . MOBILE SOURCE
2 . STATIONARY SOURCE
3 . AREA SOURCE
31
Include sources that move from place to place, carrying with them pollutants that affect any area they pass by. Example: motor vehicles that run through fossil fuels.
Mobile Source
32
The sources of harmful contaminants which are stationed in one place.
Example: factories.
Stationary Source
33
Smoking, cooking, burning of garbage, dust from construction, and many more.
Area Source
34
The top five killers in the Philippines are _____ -related.
Air Polluted
35
Top 5 killers in the Philippines
heart, pulmonary, and
cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis, and cancer
36
an odorless, poisonous gas. It is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuel.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
37
is formed from nitrogen and oxygen particles when combustion temperatures exceed 538°C.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
38
is produced by chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
39
organic chemicals that vaporize readily, producing toxic fumes.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
40
consist of smoke, ash, soot, dust, lead, and other particles from burning fuel.
Particulates
41
comes from burning fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial boilers.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)`
42
comes largely from burning fossil fuels, petroleum, refineries, smelters, paper mills, chemical
plants, and coal-fired power plants.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
43
come from burning fuels and from solvents, paints, and glues.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
44
come from industrial processes and motor vehicles that burn fossil fuels, burning wood, and
dust from construction and agriculture.
Particulates
45
- interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, slowing reflexes and causing drowsiness.
- can cause death. Headaches and stress on the heart can result from exposure to this in cars stuck in heavy traffic.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
46
- can make the body vulnerable to respiratory infections, lung disease, and possible cancer.
- contributes to the brownish haze often seen over congested areas and to acid rain.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
47
contributes to acid rain, which damages rivers, lakes, forests, metals, and stone.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
48
contribute to smog formation and can cause serious health problems such as cancer. They may
also harm plants.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
49
can form clouds that reduce visibility and cause a variety of respiratory problems. They
have also been linked to cancer. They corrode metals, erode buildings and sculptures, and soil fabrics.
Paticulates
50
GLOBAL WARMING WHAT IS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
1. Health problems which include hypertension and heat stroke, skin cancer, respiratory infections and eye
problems.
2. More severe weather events like droughts, typhoons, very warm summer soil erosions and tornadoes.
3. Forest and grassland fires.
4. Damage to water sources.
5. Loss of balance in the ecosystem.
51
REDUCING THE RISK OF GLOBAL WARMING
1. Save electricity and turn to renewable sources of energy.
2. Minimize the use of papers and their by-products.
3. Walk or bike for short-distance trips and take the mass transport system for longer trips.
4. Regularly maintain vehicle engines.
5. Save the forest and promote green spaces.
6. Avoid using products that contain chemicals harmful to the atmosphere.
52
It is a law enacted by the government in response to the growing call for measures necessary to counter the worsening problems on air pollution. It provides for a comprehensive air pollution control policy in the Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (REPUBLIC ACT NO.8749)
53
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CLEAN AIR ACT
● Protect and advance the right of people to a balanced and healthful ecology
● Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary responsibility of local
government units to deal with environmental problems.
● Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the environment is primarily area-based
● Recognize that polluters must pay.
● Recognize that working towards a clean and healthy environment is the concern of all resources.
54
occupies three-fourth (3/4) of the earth's surface. It is one of the earth's surface. It is one of the essential resources needed in order to sustain life. in order to sustain life.
Water
55
Domestic wastewater is a major cause of water pollution. Household and toilet wastes enter rivers, lakes,
streams, and seas through drainage systems. Separate facilities are needed to treat wastewater before releasing it
into natural waterways.
Wastedischarge
56
A rise in water temperature, often from warm water discharges used as coolant in power plants, causes
pollution. Sudden temperature changes can kill many organisms like phytoplankton, and warm temperatures
can also cause bodies of water to dry up.
Heat (Thermal Pollution)
57
Pesticides go down to the soil and are carried by the rainwater to the different bodies of water. Equally harmful are the waste-water discharges from mining sites which are commonly contaminated with harmful elements like
mercury.
HARMFUL CHEMICALS FROM PESTICIDE AND MINING SITES
58
Water that flows from the higher grounds like denuded mountains carries small particles of soil containing minerals; some of which are toxic and can kill organisms when it reaches natural waterways.
Siltation
59
It is a condition in which the amount of oxygen in the water is reduced due to the increased presence of
bacteria.
Eutrophication
60
by land-based sources. It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution
through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.
THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9275)
61
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT
● Management of water quality will either be based on watershed, river basin or water resources region.
● Management will be localized. Multi-sectoral governing boards composed of representatives of mayors
and governors as well as local government units, representatives of relevant national government
agencies, duly registered non-government organizations, the concerned water utility sector and the
business sector will be established to address water quality issues within their jurisdiction.
● All owners or operators of facilities that discharge waste-water are required to get a permit to discharge
from the DENR or the Laguna Lake Development Authority.
● The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) will prepare a national program on sewage or
septage
management not later than 12 months from the effectiveness of the Act.
● Anyone discharging waste-water into a water body will have to pay a waste-water charge.
62
Waste which may be transformed into plant nutrients through the process of composting.
ORGANIC/BIODEGRADABLE
63
Waste materials which may be utilized as raw materials in the manufacture of new products.
NON-BIODEGRADABLE/RECYCLABLES
64
Waste materials which are harmful to the soil and may not be utilized as raw materials for new products.
NON-BIODEGRADABLE/NON-RECYCLABLE
65
Waste materials which require treatment using applicable technologies before being disposed-off or used as raw
materials for new products.
HAZARDOUS
66
It is estimated that only about ___ of the total volume of solid waste generated daily in Metro Manila are
collected by dump trucks hired by local government units.
73%
67
The remaining ___ of the daily waste ends up in
canals, vacant t spaces, street corners, market places, rivers and other places .
27%
68
4 R's of Waste Management
REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE, REFUSE
69
It should be the responsibility of the industrial sector to minimize the use of materials which are potential
sources of harmful waste in their operation.
Reduce
70
It encourages the continuous use of materials used as packaging of another product for as long as they remain safe for humans, other living organisms and the environment.
Reuse
71
It involves the application of technology so that waste material may become useful again in the production of
new products by the industry sector.
Recycle
72
Refusing to buy or use products that are made from and packaged with materials that are potential source of
harmful waste by the consumers.
Refuse
73
The first step to proper waste management is to classify or sort wastes right at the source. Some wastes may no longer be recycled or reused when they become contaminated by harmful substances, thus defeating the purpose of waste management programs. Each type of waste must be separated from the others by placing them
in a container provided for each type.
WASTE SEGREGATION
74
the natural process of converting solid biodegradable waste materials into plant nutrients by the
organisms known as decomposers.
Composting
75
STEPS IN COMPOSTING
STEP 1- Prepare the compost bin.(Make sure the containers are free from any harmful substances like petroleum.)
STEP 2 - Put a small amount of soil at the bottom of the bin, then place a small amount of organic waste and cover with
soil.
STEP 3 - Sprinkle it with water occasionally.
STEP 4 - Cover the compost bin.
STEP 5 - Stir the compost occasionally.
STEP 6 - Modern methods may also be applied.
76
This law provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste
management that shall ensure protection of public health and environment.
REPUBLIC ACT 9003
77
SALIENT FEATURES OF R.A. 9003
● Mandatory segregation of solid waste to be conducted primarily at the source such as household,
institutional, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sources.
● Setting of minimum requirements to ensure systematic collection and transport of wastes and the proper
protection of the health of garbage collectors.
● Promotion of eco- labeling in local products and services.
● Prohibition on non-environmentally acceptable products and packaging including the importation of
consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable materials.
● Establishment of material recovery facilities (MRF) for recyclable wastes in every barangay or cluster
of barangays and the putting up of reclamation or buy-back centers for toxic materials.
● Prohibition against the use of open dumps and setting of guidelines/criteria for the establishment of
controlled dumps and sanitary landfills.
● Prohibition on littering, throwing, dumping of waste materials in public like roads, sidewalks, canals,
esteros, parks and establishments, including the open burning of solid waste.
● Manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging materials.
● Provision of rewards, incentives both fiscal and non-fiscal, financial assistance, grants and the like to
encourage LGUs and the general public to undertake effective solid waste management.
● Promotion of research on solid waste management and environmental education in the formal and
non-formal sectors.
78
THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
- ENVIRONMENT
- ECOLOGY
- ECOSYSTEM
- BIODIVERSITY
- ENERGY FLOW
- SUCCESSION
79
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM
- ORGANISM
- SPECIES
- POPULATION
- COMMUNITY
80
INTERACTION OF ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM
- PREDATION
- COMPETITION
- PARASITISM
- MUTUALISM
- COMMENSALISM
81
COMMON CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
- WASTE DISCHARGE
- HEAT (THERMAL POLLUTION)
- HARMFUL CHEMICALS FROM PESTICIDE AND INING SITES
- SILTATION
- EUTROPHICATION
82
WAYS OF ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
- EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
- COEVOLUTION
- EXTINCTION
83
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
1. MOBILE SOURCE
2. STATIONARY SOURCE
3. AREA SOURCE
84
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
● Carbon Monoxide (CO)
● Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
● Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
● Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
● Particulates
85
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMERS
- HERBIVORES
- CARNIVORES
- OMNIVORES
- DECOMPOSERS
NSTP
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