1
Q
articulation (speech definition)
A
process of bringing mobile and immobile articulators into contact to shape the sounds of speech
2
Q
articulation (anatomy definition)
A
to connect or join together
3
Q
resonation
A
the sound quality given to voiced sounds by the vocal tract
4
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
5
Q
mastication
A
chewing
6
Q
vocal tract
A
pharynx
nasal cavity
oral cavity
7
Q
what are the articulators
A
mobile articulators
immobile articulators
8
Q
mobile articulator
A
- lips
- tongue
- mandible
- soft palate (velum)
- pharynx
- cheeks
- fauces
9
Q
immobile articulators
A
- alveolar ridge of maxillae
- hard palate (palatine processes of the maxilla and horizontal plates of the palatine bones)
- teeth
10
Q
What are the bones of the face?
A
- mandible
- maxillae
- palatine bones
- nasal bones
- inferior nasal conchae
- vomer
- zygomatic
- lacrimal bones
- hyoid
11
Q
mandible (face bone)
A
- condylar process
- coronoid process
- mandibular foramen
- corpus
- angle
- ramus
- alveolar part
12
Q
condylar process (mandible)
A
articulates with temporal bone forming the temporomandibular joint
-TMJ:chronic inflammation of the temporomandibular joint
13
Q
coronoid process (mandible)
A
point of attachment for temporalis muscle
14
Q
mandibular foramen (mandible)
A
allows passage of inferior alveolar nerve
15
Q
alveolar part (mandibular)
A
- ridge
- houses the teeth in dental alveoli (sacs)
16
Q
maxillae (face bone)
A
- frontal process
- zygomatic process
- palatine process
- alveolar process
- premaxilla
- incisive foramen
- transverse palatine suture
- intermaxillary suture
- premaxillary suture
17
Q
frontal process (maxillae)
A
articulates with frontal bone
18
Q
zygomatic process (maxillae)
A
articulates with the zygomatic bone
19
Q
palatine process (maxillae)
A
- forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate (roof of mouth)
- articulates with the palatine bones
20
Q
alveolar process (maxillae)
A
houses teeth
21
Q
premaxilla (maxillae)
A
anterior section of the maxillae
22
Q
incisive foramen (maxillae)
A
-marks the connection of the premaxilla and both palatine processes
23
Q
transverse palatine suture (maxillae)
A
-between palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
24
Q
intermaxillary suture (maxillae)
A
between palatine processes
25
premaxillary suture (maxillae)
between palatine processes and premaxilla
26
palatine bones (face bone)
- horizontal plates
| - makes up posterior 1/4 hard palate
27
Nasal bones (face bones)
small bones that form the bridge of the nose
28
inferior nasal conchae (face bone)
- small scroll like bones located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
- increases the surface area for warming and humidifying air
29
vomer (face bone)
-contributes to the formation of the nasal septum along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and septal cartilage
30
zygomatic (face bone)
- frontal process
- temporal process
- maxillary process
31
frontal process (zygomatic)
articulates with the frontal bone
32
temporal process (zygomatic)
articulates with the temporal bone
33
maxillary process (zygomatic)
articulates with the maxilla
34
lacrimal bones (face bone)
- smallest facial bones
| - contribute to the formation of the medial wall of the orbital cavity
35
what are the bones of the cranial skeleton?
1. ethmoid
2. sphenoid
3. frontal
4. parietal
5. occipital
6. temporal
36
ethmoid (cranial skeleton)
- crista galli
- cribriform plate
- superior nasal concha
- middle nasal concha
- perpendicular plate
37
crista galli (ethmoid)
extends superiorly into the cranial space
38
cribriform plate (ethmoid)
separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavities and allows passage of olfactory nerves
39
superior nasal concha (ethmoid)
increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air
40
middle nasal concha (ethmoid)
increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air
41
perpendicular plate (ethmoid)
contributes to the structure of the nasal septum
42
sphenoid (cranial skeleton)
- great wings
- lesser wings
- hypophyseal fossa
- lateral pterygoid plates
- medial pterygoid plates
43
hypophyseal fossa (sphenoid)
- sella tursica
| - houses the pituitary gland
44
lateral pterygoid plates (sphenoid)
-point of attachment for muscles of mastication
45
medial pterygoid plates (sphenoid)
-point of attachment for muscles of mastication
46
frontal (cranial skeleton)
- supraorbital margin
| - zygomatic process
47
supraorbital margin (frontal)
contributes to the orbital cavity
48
zygomatic process (Frontal)
articulates with the zygomatic bone
49
parietal (cranial skeleton)
- coronal suture
- squamosal suture
- sagittal suture
- lambdoidal suture
50
coronal suture (parietal)
between frontal bone and parietal bones
51
squamosal suture (parietal)
between temporal and parietal bones
52
sagittal suture (parietal)
between both parietal bones
53
lambdoidal suture (parietal)
between occipital and parietal bones
54
craniosynostosis
- sutures of skull become ossified prematurely
- can affect one or more of the sutures
- may or may not be associated with other genetic syndromes
- can affect brain development/learning
55
occipital (cranial skeleton)
- foramen magnum
| - condyles
56
foramen magnum (occipital)
allows passage of the spinal cord to the brainstem
57
condyles (occipital)
resting point for the first cervical vertebra
58
temporal (cranial skeleton)
- external auditory meatus
- zygomatic process
- mandibular fossa
- styloid process
- mastoid process
- petrous part
59
external auditory meatus (temporal)
ear canal
60
zygomatic process (temporal)
articulates with the temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
61
mandibular fossa (temporal)
articulates with condyle to form the temporomandibular joint
62
styloid process (temporal)
point of attachment for various muscles
63
mastoid process (temporal)
point of attachment for various muscles of neck
64
petrous part
houses the organs of hearing (cochlea) & equilibrium (semicircular canals)
65
types of teeth
- permanent dental arch
- central incisor
- lateral incisor
- cuspids (canine)
- first bicuspids (premolar)
- second bicuspids (premolar)
- 1st molar
- 2nd molar
- 3rd molar (wisdom teeth)
66
components of a tooth
- crown
- root
- enamel
- dentin
- pulp
67
crown (components of a tooth )
area above the gum line
68
root (components of a tooth )
below the gum line
69
enamel (components of a tooth )
dense surface for protection
70
dentin (components of a tooth )
solid portion of tooth
71
pulp (components of a tooth )
contains nerves and blood vessels within tooth
72
dental development
- deciduous teeth
| - permanent teeth
73
deciduous teeth (dental development)
- shedding teeth
| - 10 teeth in each arch
74
permanent teeth (dental development)
-16 teeth in each arch
75
dental occlusion
- relationship of upper dental arch to lower dental arch when teeth come together
- class I occlusion
- class II
- Class III
76
Class I (occlusion)
- normal position
- neutrocclusion
- first permanent molar of the mandibular arch is one half tooth anterior or advanced of the first permanent maxillary molar
77
Class II (occlusion)
- malocclusion
- first mandibular molar is posterior to normal position
- mandible is protruded
78
Class III (occlusion)
-malocclusion
-first mandibular molar is anterior to normal position
mandible is protruded
-relative micrognathia
79
relative micrognathia (class III occlusion)
- condition in which the mandible is small in relation to the maxilla
- may be part of other genetic syndromes
- may interfere with infant feeding
- may cause abnormal alignment of the teeth
80
bite
- open bite
| - closed bite
81
open bite
anterior teeth do not occlude (do not touch when u bite down) because of excessive eruption of posterior teeth
82
closed bite
posterior teeth do not occlude because of excessive eruption of anterior teeth
83
What are the cavities of the vocal tract?
1. oral cavity
2. buccal cavity
3. pharyngeal cavity
4. nasal cavity
84
Oral cavity (cavity of vocal tract)
- hard palate
- rugae
- soft palate
- anterior facial pillars
- posterior faucial pillars
- palatine tonsil
- uvula
85
rugae (oral cavity)
folds of tissue
86
soft palate (oral cavity)
- velum
| - moves posteriorly to separate oropharynx from nasopharynx
87
anterior faucial pillars (oral cavity)
- arches
| - bands of tissue located posterior boundary of the oral cavity
88
posterior faucial pillars (oral cavity)
- arches
| - bands of tissue located posterior to the anterior faucial pillars
89
palatine tonsil (oral cavity)
located between the two faucial pillars
90
uvula (oral cavity)
- may aid in speech sounds (non-english)
| - aides velopharyngeal closure
91
buccal cavity (cavities of vocal tract)
space between the teeth and cheeks
92
pharyngeal cavity (cavities of vocal tract)
pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
93
nasopharynx (pharyngeal cavity)
- space above the soft palate
- Eustachian tube: provides aeration of the middle ear
- pharyngeal tonsil-adenoid
94
oropharynx (pharyngeal cavity)
area posterior to the fauces, between soft palate and hyoid bone
95
laryngopharynx (pharyngeal cavity)
area bounded by the hyoid bone, epiglottis and esophagus
96
nasal cavity (cavities of the vocal tract)
- increase surface area to aid in warming, moistening and cleaning (filter) the air we breath
- superior nasal concha
- middle nasal concha
- inferior nasal concha
97
philtrum (landmarks of the lip)
vertical groove located above the lips
98
philtril ridge (landmarks of the lip)
location of cleft lip
99
cleft lip
- birth defect that causes a split or opening in the upper lip
- difficulties with feeding in infancy
- surgery will repair lip
- may need orthodontic care when older
- may or may not have speech difficulties
100
ORBICULARIS ORIS
| (Miscellaneous muscles of the face )
-function: closes and protrudes lips
101
RISORIOUS
| Miscellaneous muscles of the face
-function: retracts lips at the corner, aids in mastication and smiling
102
BUCCINATOR
| Miscellaneous muscles of the face
-function: compresses the cheek, moves food onto surface of molars for mastication
103
Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
| elevator muscles of face
-function: elevates upper lip
104
Levator labii superioris
| elevator muscles of face
-function:elevates upper lip
105
zygomatic minor
| elevator muscles of face
-function: elevates upper lip
106
zygomatic major
| elevator muscles of face
-function: elevates and retracts the angle of mouth
107
Levator anguli oris
| elevator muscles of face
-function: pulls corners of mouth up and medially
108
mentalis
| Depressor muscle of face
-function: depresses lower lip, elevates and wrinkles chin
109
depressor labii inferioris
| Depressor muscle of face
-function: dilates the orifice of the mouth by pulling the lower lips down and out
110
depressor anguli oris
| Depressor muscle of face
-function: depresses the corners of mouth and helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip
111
platysma
| Depressor muscle of face
-function: depresses mandible
112
What are the regions and structures of TONGUE
- tip
- dorsum
- base
- root
- oral or palatine portion
- pharyngeal portion
- inferior surface
113
tip
| regions and structures of tongue
anterior most portion
114
dorsum
| regions and structures of tongue
superior surface
115
base
| regions and structures of tongue
located in the oropharynx
116
root
| regions and structures of tongue
lower area of the tongue where tongue attaches to mandible
117
oral or palatine portion
| regions and structures of tongue
2/3 tongue located in oral cavity
118
```
pharyngeal portion
(regions and structures of tongue)
```
1/3/ tongue located in the oropharynx
119
```
inferior surface
(regions and structures of tongue)
```
- lingual frenulum
| - sublingual folds
120
```
lingual frenulum
(inferior surface- regions and structures of tongue)
```
ankyloglossia:
- >short,thick or tight lingual frenulum
- >restricted range of motion of the tongue
- > may have difficulty sticking out tongue
- >may affect infant feeding
- >may affect speech articulation
- >may require surgical procedure for treatment
121
```
sublingual folds
(inferior surface- regions and structures of tongue)
```
-salivary glands
122
What are the intrinsic tongue muscles?
- superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
- inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
- transverse muscle of tongue
- vertical muscle of tongue
123
superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
| intrinsic tongue muscles
-function:elevates tip of tongue and pulls tongue to side
124
inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
| intrinsic tongue muscles
-function: pulls tip of the tongue downwards and pulls tongue to side
125
transverse muscle of tongue
| intrinsic tongue muscles
function: narrows the tongue
126
vertical muscle of tongue
| intrinsic tongue muscles
function: flattens the tongue and pulls tongue down into the floor of the mouth
127
What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?
- genioglossus muscle
- hyoglossus muscle
- styloglossus muscle
- palatoglossus muscle
128
Genioglossus muscle
| extrinsic tongue muscles
function:
- >retract the tongue, protrude tongue and elevates hyoid
- >contraction of both anterior and posterior fibers depress the tongue
129
hyoglossus muscles
| extrinsic tongue muscles
function: pulls sides of the tongue down, elevates hyoid
130
styloglossus muscle
| extrinsic tongue muscles
function: draws tongue back and up
131
palatoglossus muscles
| extrinsic tongue muscles
- muscular structure of anterior faucial pillar
| function: elevates back of tongue and depresses soft palate
132
what are the muscles of mastication?
- mandibular elevators
- mandibular protrusion
- mandibular depressors
133
mandibular elevator
| muscles of mastication
- masseter
- temporalis muscle
- medial pterygoid muscle
134
masseter
| mandibular elevator
-function: elevates mandible
135
temporalis Muscle
| mandibular elevator
function: elevates the mandible and draws it back if protruded
136
medial pterygoid muscle
| mandibular elevator
function:elevates mandible
137
lateral pterygoid muscle
| mandibular protrusion
function: elevates mandible
138
What are the mandibular depressors
- digastricus
- mylohyoid muscle
- geniohyoid muscle
- platysma
139
ANTERIOR belly digastricus
| mandibular depressor
function: depresses mandible
| elevates hyoid
140
POSTERIOR belly digastricus
| mandibular depressor
-function: depresses mandible
| elevates hyoid
141
mylohyoid muscle
| mandibular depressor
function: depresses mandible
| elevates hyoid
142
geniohyoid muscle
| mandibular depressor
function: depresses mandible
| elevates hyoid
143
platysma
| mandibular depressor
function: depresses mandible
144
What are the muscles of the soft palate
1. palatal elevators
2. palatal depressors
3. palatal tensor
145
levator veli palatini
| palatal elevator
function: elevates and retracts soft palate
146
musculus uvulae
| palatal elevator
function: shortens the soft palate
| makes structure of uvula
147
palatoglossus
| palatal depressor
- extrinsic tongue muscle
- forms anterior faucial pillar
function: elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate
148
palatopharyngeus
| palatal depressor
forms posterior faucial pillar
| function: narrows the pharynx and lowers soft palate
149
tensor veli palatini
| palatal tensor
function: stabilizes and flattens soft palate
| dilates the eustachian tube
150
What are the muscles of the pharynx
1. superior pharyngeal constrictor
2. middle pharyngeal constrictor
3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
4. sapingopharyngeus
5. stylopharyngeus
151
superior pharyngeal constrictor
| muscles of the pharynx
function: pulls posterior pharyngeal wall forward
constricts pharyngeal diameter to aid in deglutition
-assists in velopharyngeal closure
152
middle pharyngeal constrictor
| muscles of the pharynx
function: narrows diameter of pharynx
| - peristaltic movements for swallowing
153
inferior pharyngeal constrictor
| muscles of the pharynx
thyropharyngeus muscle
| cricopharyngeal muscle
154
```
thyropharyngeus muscle
(inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
```
function: reduces diameter of lower pharynx
155
```
cricopharyngeal muscle
(inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
```
function: muscular opening of the esophagus
156
salpingopharyngeus
| muscles of the pharynx
function: elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall
157
stylopharyngeus
| muscles of the pharynx
function: elevates and opens the pharynx during deglutition
158
source filter theory of vowel production
speech is the product of sending and acoustic source such as the sound produced by the vibrating vocal folds, through filter of the vocal tract which shapes the output
159
motor skills development
| articulation
cephalocaudually
| proximodistally
160
cephalocaudually
| motor skills development
head to tail
161
proximodistally
| motor skills development
medial structures to distal structures
162
stabilization
| motor control
speech is a fine motor skills that requires good stabilization of the trunk and neck muscle
163
resonation
- the sound quality given to voiced sounds by the vocal tract
- vocal tract is an acoustic resonator
164
characteristic of the vocal tract resonator
- tube that is closed at one end (glottis) and open at the other (lips, nasal passageway)
- series of air filled containers that are connected to each other
- irregular shape makes it possible to transmit a wide range of resonating sounds
- variable resonator whose frequency response changes depending on it shape
165
to change the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract
- length
- location of constriction
- degree of constriction
166
velopharyngeal dysfunction
- weakness or impairment of velar function
| - velum must be elevated for all english sounds except /m/. /n/, /ing/
167
resonance problems
hypernasality
hyponasality
nasal emission
cul-de-sac resonance
168
hypernasality
| resonance problems
excessive nasal resonance
169
hypo nasality
| resonance problems
insufficient nasal resonance
170
nasal emission
| resonance problems
air escape through the nasal cavities
171
cul de sac resonance
| resonance problems
muffles sound to voice
172
cleft palate
- hold gap in the hard and soft palate
- difficulties w/ feeding in infancy
- high risk for frequent ear infections
- surgery is required to repair the cleft
- may need orthodontic care
- may have speech difficulties
173
complete cleft of the palate
- starts at the inclusive foramen
- follows along the intermaxillary suture of the palatine processes of the maxilla
- continues between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
- goes through the soft palate
174
partial cleft of the palate
- starts at a a point posterior to the incisive foramen
| - may include a cleft through the part of the hard palate and soft palate
175
structural differences between adult and infant
- oral cavity is smaller
- larynx is elevated
- hyoid is elevated and forward
- larger velum
- no teeth
176
dysohagia
any difficulty, discomfort or pain associated with swallowing
177
signs of dysphagia
- frequent coughing or clearing of airway when eating food or liquids
- wet sound voice
- pain when swallowing
- recurring pneumonia
178
causes of dysphgia
- obstructive
- neurological
- congenital & development
179
obstructive
| causes of dysphgia
- cancer of mouth or larynx
| - reflux
180
neurological
| causes of dysphgia
- stroke
- parkinsons disease
- multiple sclerosis
- brain tumor
181
congenital & development
| causes of dysphgia
- cerebral palsay
| - cleft lip and palate
COMD 3100
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