LESSON 6

Question 1

The types of food that calories are acquired from are highly important in terms of

Answer 1

nutrition

Question 2

the study of carbon compounds

Answer 2

Organic chemistry

Question 3

A versatile element with four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms and create diverse molecules.

Answer 3

Carbon Atom

Question 4

The simplest organic compounds, made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They can store energy (like in fats or fuels).

Answer 4

Hydrocarbons

Question 5

The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies; main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars

Answer 5

Large Hydrocarbons

Question 6

Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach.

Answer 6

Functional Groups

Question 7

Large molecules are called

Answer 7

polymers

Question 8

Polymers are built from smaller molecules called

Answer 8

monomers

Question 9

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.

Answer 9

Hydrolysis

Question 10

A chemical reaction that links monomers by removing a molecule of water.

Answer 10

Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis

Question 11

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide energy and structural support.

Answer 11

Carbohydrates

Question 12

Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose) that are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Answer 12

Monosaccharides

Question 13

Monosaccharides found in sports drinks

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

Monosaccharides found in fruits

Answer 14

Fructose

Question 15

Honey contains what

Answer 15

both glucose & fructose

Question 16

called “milk sugar”

Answer 16

Galactose

Question 17

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures (e.g., glucose and fructose).

Answer 17

Isomers

Question 18

Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work.

Answer 18

Cellular Fuel

Question 19

Double sugars made from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).

Answer 19

Disaccharides

Question 20

composed of glucose + fructose

Answer 20

Sucrose

Question 21

composed of 2 glucose molecules

Answer 21

Maltose

Question 22

made of galactose + glucose

Answer 22

Lactose

Question 23

Composed of many sugar monomers linked together.

Answer 23

Polysaccharides

Question 24

Storage polysaccharide in plants.

Answer 24

Starch

Question 25

Storage polysaccharide in animals, found mainly in liver and muscles. (made of glucose monomers)

Answer 25

Glycogen

Question 26

the most abundant organic compound on Earth, is a major component of wood and forms cable-like fibrils in plant cell walls, serving as structural support and dietary fiber.

Answer 26

Cellulose

Question 27

type of fiber that most animals cannot digest on their own, but some rely on bacteria in their digestive tracts to break it down for nutrition.

Answer 27

Dietary cellulose

Question 28

hydrophilic (“water-loving”) molecules that dissolve easily in water because their –OH (hydroxyl) groups make them water soluble.

Answer 28

Sugars in Water

Question 29

Hydrophobic (water-fearing) organic molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. They store energy, insulate, and protect organs.

Answer 29

Lipids

Question 30

have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)

Answer 30

Saturated fatty acids

Question 31

have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)

Answer 31

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 32

The main form of fat, made of glycerol + three fatty acids

Answer 32

Triglyceride

Question 33

Glycerol forms the “______” of the fat

Answer 33

backbone

Question 34

Lipids that form cell membranes; have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

Answer 34

Phospholipids

Question 35

Lipids with a structure of four fused rings. Examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Answer 35

Steroids

Question 36

The base steroid from which the body produces other steroids.

Answer 36

Cholesterol

Question 37

artificial variants of testosterone that some athletes use to rapidly build muscle, but they can cause serious health risks.

Answer 37

Synthetic anabolic steroids

Question 38

Polymers of amino acids that perform most cellular work (structural support, transport, signaling, enzymes).

Answer 38

Proteins

Question 39

Monomers of proteins; there are 20 different kinds.

Answer 39

Amino Acids

Question 40

Cells link amino acids together to make proteins

Answer 40

condensation or dehydration

Question 41

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. (globular proteins)

Answer 41

Enzymes

Question 42

The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Answer 42

Active Site

Question 43

Enzyme + Substrate =

Answer 43

Product

Question 44

The change in enzyme shape when the substrate binds, allowing the reaction to occur.

Answer 44

Induced Fit

Question 45

When proteins lose their shape and function due to heat or pH changes.

Answer 45

Denaturation (Denaturating Proteins)

Question 46

A protein hormone that regulates blood sugar by signaling the liver to store glucose as glycogen.

Answer 46

Insulin

Question 47

Biomolecules that store and transmit hereditary information (DNA and RNA).

Answer 47

Nucleic Acids

Question 48

Monomers of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Answer 48

Nucleotides

Question 49

A double-stranded molecule storing genetic information, shaped like a double helix. Bases: A, T, G, C.

Answer 49

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 50

A single-stranded molecule that helps in protein synthesis. It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Answer 50

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 51

the main energy carrier of cells, made of a nucleotide with three phosphate groups; its high-energy bonds store energy, and breaking the last phosphate bond releases energy for cellular work, producing ADP and a free phosphate.

Answer 51

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 52

can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP

Answer 52

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)