What is growth?
- quantitative and measurable aspects of someone’s increase in physical measurements.
What is a non-genetic influence on growth?
-affected by other factors such as socioeconomic status
What is development?
- progressive and continuous process of change leading to increased skill and capacity to function
What are the 3 main factors influencing growth and development?
- genetic/natural factors
- environmental factors
- interacting factors
Give examples of genetic/natural factors
- tempermant
- heredity
Give examples of environmental factors
- family
- nutrition
- health environment
- rest/sleep/exercise
Give examples of interacting factors
- life experiences
- prenatal health
- state of health
What is a developmental theory?
- models intended to account for how and why people develop as they do
What are the 5 developmental theories?
- organicism
- psychoanalytic and psychosocial
- mechanistic
- contextualism
- dialecticism
What is organicism?
- development is a result od biologically driven behaviour and the person’s adaptation to the environment
What are biophysical developmental theories?
- describe how people’s physical bodies grow and change
- can be compared against established norms
what is Gesell’s theory of maturational development?
- focused on the physical and mental development of children.
- He suggested that children will go through the same stages of development, in the same sequence but each child will go through the stages at their own rate.
What is maturation?
- the biological internal regulatory mechanism that governs the emergence of all new skills and abilities that appear as the individual becomes older
What is differentiation?
- the process by which cells and structures become modified and refine their characteristics
What are cognitive development theories?
- reasoning and thinking processes, changes in how people perform intellectual operations
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
- addresses the development of children’s intellectual organization and how they think,reason, perceive,a nd make meaning of the physical world
What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s?
- sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
- preoperational (2-7)
- concrete operations (7-11 yrs)
- formal operations (11 yrs-adulthood)
What are moral development theories?
- how people think about rules of ethics or moral conduct
What is Piaget’s theory of moral development?
- premoral stage
- conventional stage
- autonomous stage
What is Gilligans theory?
men and woman develop in parallel ways, neither is superior to the other
what sis Sigmund freud develop?
- id, ego and superego
- psychosexual theory
List Freud’s psychosexual development stages
- oral (birth - 18 months)
- anal ( 18 months - 3 years)
- phallic/oedipal (3-6 years)
- latency (6-12 years)
- genital (puberty - adulthood)
What was Erik Erikson’s theory?
the psychosocial model covered the whole lifespan, not just childhood and adulthood
List Erikson’s 8 stages of life
Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year of age)
Stage 2: Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt (1 to 3 years of age)
Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years of age)
Stage 4: Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years of age)
Stage 5: Identity versus role confusion (adolescence)
Stage 6: Intimacy versus isolation (young adulthood)
Stage 7: Generative versus self-absorption and stagnation (middle adulthood)
Stage 8: Integrity versus despair (old age)
