What are the basic principles of growth and development?
- Individualized rate of progress
- Understanding typical patterns helps in prediction, prevention, and detection
Nurses use these principles to assess and support patient care.
Define growth in the context of development.
A quantitative and measurable increase in physical measurements
- changes in height, weight, teeth, skeletal structures and sexual characteristics**
- Influences not just genetic
Environment, access to food
Influenced by genetic and contextual factors, such as socioeconomic status.
What is development characterized by?
- Progressive and continuous process of change leading to increased skill and capacity to function
- Complex interactions between biological and environmental influences
- Qualitative in nature
- Predictable characteristics (simple to complex, general to specific)
Development is difficult to measure.
Name the three major categories of factors influencing human growth and development.
1) Genetic or natural factors - hereditary, tempermant
2) Environmental factors - Family, peer group, friends, health environment, nutrition. rest/sleep/exercise
3) Interacting factors - Life experiences, prenatal health, state of health
These factors interact to shape individual development.
What is a theory in the context of developmental theories?
An organized, observable, logical set of statements about a subject
Human developmental theories help assess and treat patient responses.
List the five traditions of developmental theories.
- Organicism
- Psychoanalytic and psychosocial
- Mechanistic
- Contextualism
- Dialecticism
Each tradition offers a different perspective on human development.
What does the organicism tradition focus on?
Development as a result of biologically driven behavior and adaptation to the environment
Includes biophysical, cognitive (Learn to understand
), and moral theories (Distinguish right from wrong
Ethical values
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What are the biophysical developmental theories?
Theories that describe and explain how people’s physical bodies grow and change
Changes can be quantified and compared against established norms.
What is Gesell’s Theory of Maturational Development?
Growth and development directed by genes; environmental factors can modify but not generate progressions
Maturation follows a fixed developmental sequence.
Define maturation in developmental terms.
The biological internal regulatory mechanism governing the emergence of new skills and abilities
Involves biological ability, physiological condition, and desire to learn.
What is differentiation in the context of development?
The process by which cells and structures become modified and refine their characteristics
Involves simple-to-complex development of activities and functions.
What does Chess and Thomas’s Theory of Temperament Development describe?
Temperament as a physical and emotional response style affecting interactions with others
Helps parents and healthcare providers understand and guide children.
What is the focus of cognitive development theories?
Reasoning and thinking processes, including changes in intellectual operations
Affects emotional behavior through mental processes.
List the four stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
- Formal operations (11 years to adulthood)
Each stage represents a different level of cognitive ability.
What is moral reasoning?
How people think about the rules of ethical or moral conduct
It does not predict actual behavior in situations.
What are the three stages of Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development?
- Premoral stage
- Conventional stage
- Autonomous stage
Moral development progresses through these stages.
What are the levels of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
- Preconventional level
- Conventional level
- Postconventional level
Levels do not occur at specific ages; development varies.
What does the psychoanalytic and psychosocial theory describe?
Development of personality, thinking, behavior, and emotions
Includes Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s eight stages of life.
What are the psychosexual developmental stages according to Freud?
- Oral (birth to 12–18 months)
- Anal (12–18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic (3 to 6 years)
- Latency (6 to 12 years)
- Genital (puberty through adulthood)
Each stage represents a different focus of pleasure.
What are Erikson’s eight stages of life?
- Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
- Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
- Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 11 years)
- Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
- Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
- Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
- Integrity vs. despair (old age)
Each stage builds upon the resolution of previous conflicts.
What does the mechanistic tradition suggest about development?
Development depends on stimulation from the environment rather than internal causes
Behavior is responsive to environmental forces.
What is the focus of contextualism in developmental theories?
Interaction between the developing individual and surrounding social environments
Includes Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.
What is the dialecticism tradition in developmental theories?
All developmental theories are mutually interactive and incorporate multiple contexts
Emphasizes the interaction of various developmental factors.
What does Keating and Hertzman’s population health theory emphasize?
The association between population health, developmental outcomes, and social/economic forces
Highlights the importance of societal context in development.
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Introduction to the Social Determinants of Health1
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Introduction to Sleep, Comfort and Reset14
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Introduction to Global Health and the Environment20
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Introduction to the Canadian Health Care System15
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Life Span Development26
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Mobility and Exercise13
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Nutrition46
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Culture9
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Introduction to Indigenous Health and Spirituality16
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Sexuality and Identity13
