NUTR 321 > Lipids: Classification > Flashcards

Lipids: Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are composed of

A

C, H, and O

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2
Q

The ratio of O to C’s and H’s is ______ than with _______

A

lower
CHO

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3
Q

Lipids are relatively _________ in water

A

insoluble

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4
Q

Lipids are soluble in _________

A

nonpolar solvents

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5
Q

Lipids are an ___________ nutrient

A

energy releasing

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6
Q

4 simple lipids

A

fatty acids
neutral fats
sterol esters
non-sterol esters

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7
Q

examples of neutral fats, sterol esters, non-sterol esters

A

NF = monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides
SE = cholesterol esters
NE = vitamin A esters

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8
Q

3 compound lipids

A

phospholipids
glycolipids
lipoproteins

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9
Q

Examples of phospholipids

A

phosphatidic acids
plasmalogens
sphingomyelins

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10
Q

Glycolipids are ________ containing

A

carbohydrate

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11
Q

Lipoproteins are associated with ________

A

protein

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12
Q

Derived lipids are derivatives formed from

A

simple and compound lipids

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13
Q

Derived lipids possess

A

general properties of lipids

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14
Q

Derived lipids are soluble in

A

organic solvents (ether, choloroform, acetone)

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15
Q

Derived lipides are ________ vitamins

A

fat-soluble

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16
Q

Derived lipids are _________ hormones

A

corticosteroid

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17
Q

Derived lipids are coenzyme ____ (______________)

A

Q
electron transport

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18
Q

The basic unit of lipids is

A

fatty acids

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19
Q

Fatty acids are defined by

A

of carbons
presence of double bonds

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20
Q

Which end of the fatty acid is polar and hydrophilic

A

the end with the carboxyl group (COOH)

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21
Q

How many double bonds in saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated = no double bonds
unsaturated = 1-4 double bonds

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22
Q

Double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids can be

A

cis or trans

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23
Q

Even # of carbons in fatty acid =

A

naturally occurring (plants/animals)

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24
Q

Odd # of carbons in fatty acids =

A

occur in small amounts in food

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25
The melting point of fatty acids will decrease with
the shorter the chain the higher the degree of unsaturation (# of double bonds)
26
The melting point of fatty acids decreasing in the 2 cases includes
triglycerides containing the fatty acid
27
Trans fatty acids are _______ but act like _______
unsaturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids
28
Trans fatty acids become _____ at room temperature
solid
29
Trans fatty acids have no _______ properties
essential fatty acid
30
Trans fatty acids increase
blood cholesterol
31
Non-naturally occurring trans fatty acids are
banned
32
Artificial trans fatty acids are made through the process of
hydrogenation
33
If fatty acid chain is short =
short chain (volatile) fatty acid
34
3 examples of short chain fatty acids
2:0 acetic 3:0 propionic 4:0 butyric
35
Acetic and propionic are products of
GI fermentation
36
Butyric is a product of
butter and GI
37
Butyric is an indicator of
good microbiota
38
How many carbons is a medium chain fatty acid
6-14 carbons
39
2 examples of medium chain fatty acids
12:0 lauric 14:0 myristic
40
How many carbons are long chain fatty acids
16-20 carbons
41
3 examples of long chain fatty acids
16:0 palmitic 18:0 stearic 20:0 arachidic
42
Which 2 of the 3 long chain fatty acids are common
palmitic and stearic
43
Fatty acids with more than 20 carbons are called
very long chain fatty acids
44
Fatty acids with one double bond are
monounsaturated
45
2 examples of monounsaturated fatty acids
16:1 palmitoleic 18:1 oleic (olive) (common)
46
Nomenclature for linoleic acid
18:2w6 or 18:2n6
47
Fatty acids with 2 or more double bonds are
polyunsaturated fatty acids
48
What does each number represent in 18:2n6
18 = # of carbons 2 = how many double bonds 6 = what carbon the first double bond occurs at
49
Nomenclature for alpha-linolenic acid
18:3w3 or 18:3n3
50
What are the 3 families of unsaturated fatty acids
omega-3 omega-6 omega-9
51
18:3n3 (alpha-linolenic acid) can lengthen to
20:5n3 (EPA) 22:6n3 (docosahexenoic acid - fish)
52
EPA is found in
fish
53
Alpha-linolenic is classified ast
essential
54
Alpha-linolenic is classified as essential because
20:5n3 (EPA) is the precursor to eicosanoids (PG3)
55
Eicosanoids are importnat because they have what 2 effects
hypolipidemic antithrombotic
56
22:6n3 is important for
membrane phospholipids and cerebrum
57
18:2n6 (linoleic) ---> ________ ---> _________ ---> _________
gamma-linolenic (18:3n6) 20:3n6 20:4n6
58
20:4n6 is which acid
arachadonic
59
20:3n6 makes _______ 20:4n6 makes _______
PG1 PG2
60
_______ contain 20:4n6 (arachadonic acid) so they can directly make _________
animals PG2
61
Linoleic acid is classified as
essential
62
True or false: Omega-9 is also essential in the diet
false
63
Why is omega-9 not essential in the diet
Our body makes palmitate (16:0) which can be elongated to make steric acid (18:0) which can be converted to oleic acid (18:1, omega-9)
64
Alpha-linoleic and linolenic acid are essential because oleic (18:1) cannot convert to
18:2n6 18:3n3
65
Animals can convert 18:1 to
20:3
66
What is the function of 20:3
no known function
67
3 fatty acid precursors to eicosanoids
arachidonic acid (20:4n6) eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n6) eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3)
68
The 3 fatty acid precursors undergo ________ to form eicosanoids
oxidation
69
The eicosanoids formed from the fatty acid precursors are
prostaglandins thromboxanes leukotrienes
70
These fatty acid precursors (arachidonic acid (20:4n6), eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) are essential because
they serve the purpose to make the eicosanoids which cannot be made without those precurosrs
71
Which of the 3 eicosanoid precursors are more common in food
arachidonic acid eicosapentaenoic acid
72
________ ---> PG 1 and PG2
18:2n6 linoleic
73
_______ ---> PG2
20:4n6 arachadonic
74
________ ---> PG3
18:3n3 alpha-linolenic
75
Prostaglandin structure
20 carbons 5 carbon ring varying # of double bonds (small structural difference)
76
Eicosanoid function: _______ function effects
immune
77
Eicosanoid function: ______ secretions
gastric
78
Eicosanoid function: _________ or _________
vasodilators vasoconstrictors
79
Eicosanoid function: increased
smooth muscle contraction
80
Eicosacoid function: decreased or increased
platelet aggregation
81
Triglyceride = _______ + _________
glycerol 3 fatty acids
82
What type of bond is the fatty acid held together with in a triglyceride
ester bonds
83
Simple triglyceride vs mixed triglyceride
simple = same fatty acids mixed = different fatty acids
84
Triglycerides are ________ storage form of ________
high energy body fat
85
Triglycerides are stored in ______ then broken down to
adipose free fatty acids ---> body tissue ---> oxidized for energy
86
____% of dietary fat is triglycerides other _____% is mostly _________
95 5 phospholipids
87
Triglycerides can exist as ______ or _______ at room temp
fats (solids) oils
88
Whether triglyceride exists as fat or oil depends on
fatty acid composition
89
Triglycerides existing as oil at room temp =
more short chain fatty acids and increased double bonds
90
Diglycerides = _______ + __________ Monoglycerides = _________ + _________
glycerol + 2 fatty acids glycerol + 1 fatty acid
91
Diglycerides and monoglycerides are _______ in tissues
negligible
92
Diglycerides and monoglycerides are an intermediate in
some metabolic reactions (lipases - digestion, hydrolyse triglycerides)
93
Diglycerides and monoglycerides are a component of
other lipids
94
Diglycerides and monoglycerides are in _____ and serve as
food emulsifying agents
95
Steroid =
4-ring hydrocarbon structure
96
Sterol =
monohydroxy alcohol of steroid
97
Example of a sterol is
cholesterol synthesized in animals other sterols found in plants
98
Cholesterol is an important component of
cell membrane
99
Cholesterol is a precursor for
other steroids (sex steroids)
100
Cholesterol + fatty acid =
cholesterol ester
101
Phospholipids are approximately ____% of fat intake
5%
102
We get phospholipids from
food emulsifiers plants animals
103
Phospholipid structure
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group with base attached fatty acid + phosphate group + sphingosine
104
Examples of bases of phospholipid
choline inositol
105
fatty acid + phosphate group + sphingosine is called
sphingomyelins
106
Sphingomyelins doesnt have
glycerol
107
Where are sphingomyelins found
myelin sheath of nerve tissue
108
Phospholipids are _______ structures with ________ properties
polar hydrophillic
109
Key roles of phospholipids are in
chylomicrons cell and organelle membranes (regulator of passage)
110
2 glycolipids
cerbrosides gangliosides
111
Cerebrosides = ________ + _________
ceramide monosaccharide (GLU, GAL)
112
Gangliosides = ________ + __________
ceramide oligosaccharide
113
Glycolipids function in the structure of
cell membranes
114
Glycolipids function in "________ ________" on ________ of membrane
recognition markers exterior
115
Glycolipids function in cell ________ which is important for
identity immune system
116
Lipoproteins are
transport form of lipids in blood
117
5 main classes of lipoproteins
chylomicrons very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) low density lipoprotein (LDL) high density lipoprotein (HDL)
118
What is the least dense and most dense lipoprotein
least dense = chylomicrons most dense = high density lipoprotein (HDL)
119
Chylomicron consists of mostly
triacylglycerol
120
VLDL consists of mostly
triacylglycerol
121
IDL consists of mostly
triacylglycerol and cholesterol
122
LDL consists of mostly
cholesterol
123
HDL consists mostly of
protein
124
Apoprotein A-1 = what lipoproteins
HDL chylomicrons
125
Apoprotein A-2 = what lipoproteins
HDL chylomicrons
126
Apoprotein A-4 = what lipoproteins
secreted with chylomicrons but transfers to HDL
127
Apoprotein B-100 = what lipoproteins
LDL VLDL IDL
128
Apoprotein B-48 = what lipoprotein
chylomicron chylomicron remnants
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