Liver

Question 1

Lobulation of the LIVER

Answer 1

1. Left Lobe:
   - Lobus Hepatis DEXTER lateralis
   - Lobus Hepatis DEXTER medialis
2. Right Lobe:
   - Lobus Hepatis SINISTER lateralis
   - Lobus Hepatis SINISTER medialis
3. CAUDATE LOBE (supraportaly)
   - Processus Papillaris
   - Processus Caudatus
   - Lig. Hepatorenale
4. QUADRATE LOBE (infraportally)

Question 2

Liver in general

Answer 2

• Largest gland in the body
• Exocrine and Endocrine function
• Bile/gallbladder (Ø:EQ)
• Endocrine substances released into bloodstream function in the intermediary metabolism of fats, sugars and some nitrogen products
• Concave Diaphragmatic surface
• Convex Visceral surface

Question 3

Surfaces of the LIVER

Answer 3

1. Facies DIAPHRAGMATICA
   - AREA NUDA (not covered by peritoneum)
   - SULCUS VENAE CAVAE (groove for VENA cava caudalis)
2. Facies VISCERALIS (contact with stomach)
   - PORTA HEPATIS (through which the portal vein, bile duct and Hepatic vessels enter or leave).
   - FOSSA VESiCA FELLEA (gallbladder)
   - LIG.TERES HEPATIS/FOSSA LIG.TERETIS
   (Round ligament of the liver, vestige of V.UMBILICALIS)

1+2 meet:
Ventrolaterally as MARGO ACUTUS (sharp)
Dorsally as MARGO OBTUTUS (blunt)

Question 4

Margins of the Liver

Answer 4

Margo ventralis
 (=Margo ACUTUS)
Margo Dorsalis
 (= Margo OBTUSUS)
Margo Sinister
Margo Dexter

Question 5

Impressions of the LIVER

Answer 5

1. Impressio OESOPHAGEA
   (On margo dorsalis)
2. Impressio GASTRICA
   (In species with normal stomach, on LEFT Lobe)
   - Impressio RETICULARIS + OMASICA (RU)
3. impressio DUODENALIS
   (Ventral, and to the RIGHT side of PORTA Hepatis)
   - Impressio COLICA (EQ), on the right Ventral part of the Visceral surface made by Colon Ascendens.
   - Impressio CAECALIS (EQ), on the RIGHT Lobe.
4. Impressio RENALIS (Ø SUS)
   (On Processus caudatus for the RIGHT KIDNEY)

Question 6

Interspecial DIFF

- Lobes and Processes

Answer 6

1. Lobus Hepatis dexter lateralis et medialis = (CA+SUS)
   Other: Lobus Hepatis dexter
2. Lobus QUADRATUS (all)
3. Lobus CAUDATUS (all)
   - Processus Pappillaris (CA+RU)
   - Processus Caudatus (all)
4. Lobus Hepatis sinister lateralis et medialis = all exept Ø RU = Lobus Hepatis sinister
5. Gallbladder MISSING in EQ

Question 7

Interspecial differences

- VESiCA FELLEA and the DUCTS

Answer 7

VESICA FELLAE = Gallbladder (Ø:EQ)

1. FUNDUS
2. CORPUS
3. NECK
4. DUCTUS HEPATICI (all)
5. DUCTUS HEPATICUS sin/dext
   (Ø: in ca)(ONLY SINiSter in SUS)
6. DUCTUS HEPATICUS COMMUNIS
   (Ø: CA, thats why CHOLEDOCUS = BILEDUCT)
7. DUCTUS CYSTICUS (Ø: EQ)
8. DUCTUS CHOLEDOCHUS = Common Bile duct.

• 7+6 together = 8
• 9. Ductus HEPATOCYSTICI (CA+RU) = Small ducts leading to the gall bladder directly.

Question 8

FLOW of the BILE

Answer 8

1. Liver -
2. Ductus HEPATICUS dexter and sinister -
   3a. Ductus HEPATICUS COMMUNIS
   3b. GALLBLADDER
   3c. DUCTUS CYSTICUS
3. DUCTUS CHOLEDOCHUS
4. DUODENUM (DUCTUS PANCREATICUS at Papilla duodeni major)

Question 9

What are the LOBULI HEPATIS

Answer 9

• Hepatic lobules are small histological units of the liver PARENCHYMA (1mm in dm, hexagonal shape).
• Arranged livercell bridges and bloodfilled cavities = LIVER SINUSOIDS inside them.
• At the corners of 3 lobules = LIVER TRIAS

1. A. Interlobularis (ex A. Hepatica), ENTER liver
2. V. Interlobularis (ex. V.porta), ENTER liver
3. Ductus Interlobularis (collects bile)

4. v. Centralis
 (Collects blood from liver sinusoids)
- Below the lobules, they fuse = Forming Sublobular veins
- They unite to form Hepatic veins
- Hepatic veins leave the liver
- into v.cava caudalis