Vertebraes

Question 1

CERVICALE

In general

Answer 1

7 in all mammals
Structures:
1. Processus spinosus
2. Pedunculus arcus vertebralis
3. Arcus Vertebrae
4. Foramen vertebrae
5. Fossa, Extremitas vertebrale caudale
6. Foramen transversarium
7. Extremitas vertebrale craniale
8. Tuberculum dorsale/ventrale

Question 2

CERVICALE

C1

Answer 2

C1: ATLAS
SHAPE: Ala = Horisontally, but EQ: pointing ventrally

Foramen. Alare: in Ca: Incisura alaris
Foramen Vertrbrale laterale:
Foramen Transversarium: NOT in RU, Canalis transversarium in SUS

Question 3

CERVICALE

C2

Answer 3

C2: AXIS
Fovea articularis cranialis
Processus spinosus: ++ caudal side: SUS
Facies articularis caudalis
Foramen vertebrale laterale: Incisura vertebrale laterale

Question 4

CERVICALE

C3-C5

Answer 4

Processus transversus devises
- Tuberculum dorsale
- Tuberculum ventrale
EQ: Long
Ca: Short

Question 5

CERVICALE

C6

Answer 5

Tuberculum ventrale becomes –> Lamina ventralis

Question 6

CERVICALE

C7

Answer 6

NO For.Transversarium
Facies atticularis –> 1st rib
Highest Proc. Spinosus

Question 7

CERVICAL JUNCTIONS - Ligaments

Answer 7

Short ligaments:

1. Lig. Interspinalia
2. Lig. Flava: btw the arches, short, elastic
3. Discus intervertebrale
4. Annulus Fibrosus
5. Nucleus Propulsus
6. Lig. Intertransversaria

Long ligaments:

1. Funiculis Nuchea = Lig.Nuchea (stops at C2, in Ca)
2. Lig.Supraspinale
3. Lig. Longitudinale dorsale
4. Lig. Longitudinale Ventrale

IN CA:
Funiculus nucheale
= Lig. Nuchea, stops at C2

IN EQ
Funniculus nucheale
= Lig. Nuchea + lamina nuchea, stops at Os. Occipitale

3* Bursa SUBLIGAMENTOSA

1. Nuchealis cranialis
2. Nuchealis caudalis
3. Subspinalis

Question 8

CERVICAL JUNCTIONS - Articulations

Answer 8

ARTICULATIO ATLANTOOCCIPITALIS

• Elipsoidea, Simplex, Biaxial
• Ventral/dorsal flexion/extension
• Lig. lateralis, From proc.paracondylaris –> cran atlas
• Membrana atlantooccipitale vento/dors

ARTICULATIO ATLANTOAXIALE

• Trochoidea; simplex; uniaxial
• Rotation along long axis of the DENS.

Lig. Longitudinalis dentis
- Dens –> Arcus ventr C1

Lig. Apicis dentis (Eq, Bo)
- Dens Apex –> Os Occipitalis

Lig. Transversarium atlantis (ca)
- Ventral arches C1

Membrana atlantis dorsalis

Question 9

THORACIC

Intersp. diff

Answer 9

in:
EQ - BO - CA - SU
18 - 13 - 12-14 - 14

vtb. Anticlinalis
EQ - BO - CA- SU
16 - 13 - 10-11- 12
- Proc.articularis cranialis + Proc. mammilaris = Proc. mammiloarticularis

Question 10

THORACIC

Structures

Answer 10

1. Processus transversus
2. Processus mammilaris
3. Fovea costalis proc. transversii
4. Fovea costal is cranialis
5. Fovea costal is caudalis
6. Foramen intervertebral
7. Processus articulaires cranialis
8. Processus articulaires caudales
9. Processus spinosus

Question 11

RIBS/Costae

Intersp

Answer 11

Ratio: Sternal:asternal

EQ - BO - CA - SU
8:10 - 8:5 - 9:4 - 7:7

Question 12

RIBS/COSTAE

Structures

Answer 12

1. Facies articularis capitis costae cran
2. Facies articularis capitis costae caud
3. Facies articularis tuberculi costae
   ARTICULATIONS:
4. Fovea costalis processus transversus –> Facies articularis tuberculi costae.
5. Fovea costalis cranialis –> Facies articularis capitis caudalis
6. Fovea costalis caudalis –> Facies articularis capitis cranialis.

Question 13

STERNUM

Answer 13

Shape
Structures:
1. Manubrium sterni 
- Cartilago manubrii
2. Costae
3. Sternae
4. Art. Costochonrales
5. Crista sterni (EQ)
6. Synchondrosis manubri sternalis
7. Synchondrosis intersternabralis
8. Synchondrosis Xiphosternalis
9. Processus Xiphoideus
- Cartilago Xiphoidea

Question 14

Thoracic, Rib, Sternum
JUNCTIONS/ARTICULATIONS
Art. Costovertebrales

Answer 14

Art. Costovertebrales

1. Art. Capitis costae

TYPE: Composita, Diarthrosis, Spheroidea

LIGAMENTS:
Lig. Capitis costae radiatum
Lig. Capitis costae interarticulare
Lig. Intercapitale

2. Art. Costotransversaria
TYPE: Composita, Diarthrosis, Delabens
LIGAMENTS:
Lig.Costotransversarium
Lig. Tuberculum Costae

3. Art. Costochonrales: Ribs–> Costal cartilage
   EQ,CAR = SYMPHISIS
   RU, Su = Firm Joint
4. Art. Sternocostales Cartilago costae –> Cart. sternum
   Costal arch = Soft elastic tissue btw ASTERNAL ribs.

Question 15

LUMBAR Vertebraes

Structures

Answer 15

Reduced mobility at the lumbar section of the vertebrae
L = Fixation point for the abdominal wall

1. Processus Spinosus
2. Lamina Arcus vertebrates
3. Arcus vertebrae
4. Foramen vertebrale
5. Processus transversus
6. Extremitas cranialis/ et caudalis
7. Corpus vertebrae
8. Crista vertebralis
9. Processus Mammilaris and Processus articularis cranialis = FUSED!!
10. Incisura vertebrais cranialis et caudais

Question 16

LUMBAR Vertebraes

L5 and L6

Answer 16

+ 1 facies articularis on processus transversus

Question 17

LUMBAR Vertebraes

Interspecial differences

Answer 17

EQ - RU - CA - SU
1. #: 6   - 6      -7    -6(5-7)
2. Shape of PROC. TRANSVERSUS
Caudal View: Ca= Ventrally
Dorsal view: EQ = Caudally, straight BO= Caudally, curved
3. Facies articularis:
EQ: +1 L5-L6

4. Processus spinosus: bredde:høyde
EQ: 3:5
BO: 3:3
CA: 3:3
SUS: 3:4

5. Processus accessorius
   - Last Th–>last L.
   Ø in EQ, RU