1
Q
animal with no gall bladder
A
horse
2
Q
Special in pig livers…
A
fibrous tissue outlining lobules
3
Q
Portal triad
A
- bile ductule
- arteriole
- venule
4
Q
acinus
A
- bile secreting unit
5
Q
lobule
A
- blood filtering units
6
Q
blood flow in liver
A
- from portal tracts through the liver to the center
- centrilobular area has least amount of oxygen
7
Q
Functions of liver
A
- filters blood
- clotting factors
- toxin breakdown
- breakdown ammonia
8
Q
Clinical signs of liver dz
A
- icterus: bilirubin build up
- neuro signs: ammonia build up
- bleeding: lack clotting factors
- edema: hypoproteinemia
9
Q
Bilirubin breakdown
A
- Red blood cells get old and eaten by macrophages
- Hemoglobin extracted (conserves Iron)
- Heme broken down to biliverdin => Green
- Unconjugated bilirubin excreted from macrophage goes into blood stream => yellow
- Unconjugated bilirubin gets bound to albumin and carried to liver
- conjugated in liver
- excreted into bile and then into intestines
10
Q
Hyperbilirubinemia
Increased production
A
- hemolysis
- congenital defect in bilirubin conjugation
11
Q
Hyperbilirubinemia
Decreased excretion
A
- hepatic dysfunction
- cholestasis
12
Q
Hemolysis
Intravascular
A
- Leptospira sp
- babesia sp
- acetaminophen
- snake venoms
- transfusion reaction
- RBC fragmentation
- hypoosmolarity
- phosphofructokinase deficiency
*Serum is going to look red
13
Q
Hemolysis
Extravascular
A
- Cytauxzoon sp
- Eperythrozoon sp
- Mycoplasma hemofelis
- IMHA
- Neoplasia
- RBC fragmentation
*serum will look icteric
14
Q
Extrahepatic cholestasis
Causes
A
- Choleliths
- Cholecystitis
- biliary neoplasia
- clonorchis sp
- eurytrema sp
- metorchis sp
- platynosum sp
- mucocele
- pancreatic dz
15
Q
Extrahepatic cholestasis
CS
A
- depression
- dehydration
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- anorexia
- abdominal pain
- icterus
- gray feces!
16
Q
pancreatitis and cholestasis
A
- bile duct connects to pancreatic duct before entering duodenum
17
Q
If hollow organs look like bubble wrap
A
- cystic mucosal hyperplasia
18
Q
Fibrosis in liver is in….
A
Centrilobular area
19
Q
Blood leaves the liver by
A
central vein
20
Q
If there is an obstruction of the vena cava the first place in the liver that will be effected
A
centrilobular area
21
Q
Causes of Chronic passive congestion
A
- anything that obstructs the vena cava
- pheochromocytoma
- heart failure
- heart worm
22
Q
Accentuated reticular pattern
A
- white spots
- caused by
- chronic passive congestion
- HCM
23
Q
Why infarcts rare in liver
A
- blood supply from 2 different places
- portal circulation
- arterial circulation: hepatic artery
24
Q
causes infarcts
A
- Severe thrombotic/embolic dz
- salmonella
- throwing thrombi
- neoplasia
- parasites
- salmonella
25
histo changes with PSS
* redundant arterioles
* lobular disorganization
* oval cell hyperplasia
* lypogranuloma
\***these changes due to lack of bloodflow to liver, can't dx source of shunt on histo**
26
Intrahepatic PSS
* failure of ductus venosis to close in fetus
* usually found in large dogs
* can be macro or micro vascular
27
Extrahepatic PSS
* usually in small breed dogs
* portal vein to azygous
* portal vein to vena cava
* gastric vein to vena cava
* common in cats
* atresia of portal vein
28
PSS
CS
* depression
* anorexia
* vomiting
* CNS signs
* Dec BUN, elevated ammonia
29
acquired PSS
* Chronic hepatic injury with diffuse fibrosis
* portal hypertension
* shunt vessels form to allow blood in portal vein to bypass liver
* Ascites: inc hydrostatic pressure
30
PSS
DX
* CT I think
* nuclear scintigraphy
\*NOT: looking blindly
31
causes of big liver
* caval syndrome
* heart failure
32
Steroid hepatopathy
* can be diagnostic for cushings
* also happens in dogs that get steroids
* tell pathologist if you gave someone steroids
33
Lipid
| (lipidosis, fatty change)
* Physiologic
* late pregnancy, lactation
* Pathologic
* inc synthesis (fatty acids, tryglycerides)
* inc lipolysis and uptake free fatty acids
* dec fatty acid oxidation
* dec apoprotein synthesis
* dec lipoprotein excretion
34
Feline Fatty Liver Syndrome
* idiopathic hepatic lipidosis in cats
* typical cats are obese and anorexic
* hepatic failure, icterus, and hepatic encephalopathy
* consequence of a number of diseases
35
Causes of necrosis
* chronic inflammation
* toxins
* bact/virus infection
* carbon tetrachloride
* some plant in horses
36
FIP tends to be
* perivascular
* feline enteric coronavirus-mutated form
* accumulation of globulins
* wet form
* lots of transudate with proteinaceous fluids
* dry form
* just the granulomas
37
Toxins
* Intrinsic toxins-produce consistant hepatotoxicity
* pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins
* Idiosyncratic toxins-produce sporadic hepatotoxicity
* NSAIDS, anesthetics, anticonvulsants
* Toxins are commonly processed in the liver
* process called biotransformation
* can actually activate instead of inactivate
38
Bedlington terriers
* copper storage dz
* lyses and releases, picked up by neighboring hepatocyte
* hemoglobinuria
39
Cancer
* never a right answer
* each cancer has a different behavoirs
40
If tumor is a metastasis from elsewhere
could be anything
41
Epithelial cell tumors
* benign
* add 'oma' to end of cell prefix
* malignant
* add 'carcinoma' after cell prefix
42
Mesenchymal cells tumors
* benign
* add 'oma' to end of cell prefix
* malignant
* add 'sarcoma' after cell prefix
2nd path test
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