1
Q
Formation bone
Intramembranous ossification
A
- for flat bones w/o growth plates
- ossification center begins in fibrous connective tissue membrane
- osteoid is secreted into fibrous membrane
- entrapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
- form woven bone and periosteum
- final layer of compact bone
2
Q
Endochondral ossification
A
- Long bones with growth plates
- predominantly increase length
- growth plate function requires angiogenesis (good blood supply)
3
Q
Fractures
OLD ACID
A
4
Q
Fracture healing
A
- hematoma
- fibrocartilagenous callus
- bony callus
- remodeling
5
Q
Salter fractures
A
- Type 1: straight
- Type 2: above
- Type 3: below
- Type 4: thru
- Type 5: crush
6
Q
Craniomandibular osteopathy
A
- significant bone growth around mandible and temporomandibular joint
- westies, scotties
- autosomal recessive
- starts 3-7 mo till 11-13 mo
7
Q
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A
- defect in matric synthesis
- characterized by excessive bone fragility
- fractures
8
Q
Osteopetrosis
A
- failure of bone remoding
- defecit in osteoclast function
- increased bone density
9
Q
Chondrodysplasia
A
- multifactorial
- achondroplasia
- disproportionate dwarfism
- dachsunds, corgis, bassets
10
Q
Osteoperosis
A
- Bone loss-resportion > formation
- Disuse, malnutrition, corticosteroids
- susceptible to fractures
11
Q
Osteopenia
A
- Decreased numbers of thin trabeculae
12
Q
Scurvy
A
- Only in species lacking L-gulonolactone oxidase
- humans, guinea pigs
- Lack of vit c => dec lysine and proline hydroxylation in collagen => impaired collagen synthesis => weakened vessel walls and physeal cartilage deformity => periarticular hemorrhage and osteochondrodysplasia
13
Q
Fibrous osteodystrophy
A
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- due to functional parathyroid adenomas or parathyroid hyperplasia
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism
- nutritional (Ca:P imbalance in feed)
- renal (Kidney disease)
14
Q
Rickets
A
- Defect in endochondral ossification
- only in young animals
- deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorus
15
Q
Hypertrophic osteopathy
A
- periostal proliferation
- due to intrathoracic mass
- joints not involved
16
Q
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
A
- double physeal line
- young dogs
- acute inflammation in primary spongiosa
- necrosis of osteoblasts
17
Q
Eosinophilic panosteitis
A
- large breed dogs presents with shifting leg lameness
- resolves on own
18
Q
Legg-Perthes disease
A
- avascular necrosis of femoral head
- small breed dogs
- occurs prior to physeal closure (4-11 mo)
19
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
- very serious disease
- possible causes
- sx
- penetrating wound
- fractures
- hematogenous spread
- tx difficult: low blood supply
- can be acute or chronic
20
Q
Osteoma
A
benign tumor of bone (not common)
21
Q
Osteosarc
A
- malignant bone tumor
- patologic fractures common
- metastasis common
- poor prognosis
- towards knee, away from elbow
- doesn’t cross joints
22
Q
multilobular tumor of bone
A
…..?
23
Q
Chondroma
A
- not as aggressive
- hard to diagnose b/c it’s soft tissue opacity on rads
24
Q
chondrosarcoma
A
…..?
25
Osteochondromatosis
* Benign
* Proliferative of growth plate cartilage
* grow with skeleton
* multiple bony masses
* head and chest often affected
26
Mulitple myeloma
* neoplasm of plasma cells
* common in bones
* will see Bence-Jones proteins in urine
27
Synovium rxn to injury
* hypertrophy
* primary response to injury
* pannus
* granulation tissue on articular surface
* can damage underlying cartilage
* can progress to ankylosis (fusion of joint)
28
Articular cartilage response to injury
* **fibrillation**
* forms vertical clefts in cartilage
* **eburnation**
* polishing of exposed subcondral bone
* **osteopytosis**
* boney protuberance
* bone trying to stabilize joint
* **joint mice**
* osteophytes that break loose into joint
29
Inflammatory arthritis
* acute
* penetrating wounds
* septicemia
* chronic
* immune-mediated
* sharpei fever
* CAE virus in goats
* untreated acute arthritis
30
Osteoarthritis
* Degenerative joint disease
* typically an aging dz
* lesions
* fibrillation
* cartilage erosion
* osteophytosis
* eburnation
* synovial hyperplasia
* decreased proteoglycan synthesis + inc metabolloenzyme synthesis which degrade proteoglycans
* less proteoglycans in joint fluid means fluid less viscous
31
Osteocondrosis Dissecans (OCD)
* Osteochondrosis
* Tends to be an area of thickened cartilage
* OCD when flap breaks off
* humoral head common place in dogs, horses, pigs
32
Neoplasia
* Synovial cell sarcoma
* tend to be on joints and long bones
* **diff between osteosarc and synovial cell is involvement of joint**
33
IVDD
* Disc structure
* outer annulus fibrosis
* Inner nucleus pulposis
* Degeneration
* Annulus fibrosis cracks, tears, ruptures
* release nucleus pulposus
* Type I - sudden, more common chondrodysplastic breeds
* Type II - gradual
34
Dural ossification
* ossifying pacymenigitis
* generally incidental
35
HIp dysplasia
* degenerative, non-inflammatory
* generally large breed dogs
* deformation of the joint
* sublux of femoral head
36
Elbow dysplasia
* degenerative, non-inflammatory
* generally large breed dogs, especially GSD
* ununited anconeal process
* fragmented medial coronoid process
* OCD of elbow
37
Normal muscle fibers
* myofibers - single muscle cells
* peripheral nuclei
* striations
* high blood supply
* fiber types
* Type I: slow twitch, large number of mitochondria, postural and sustained activity
* Type II: fast twitch, fewer mitochondria, rapid activity
38
Classification of muscle injuries
* Distribution
* focal-one area
* multi-focal-lots of areas
* Timeline
* monophasic-all muscle injuries look like same time frame
* polyphasic-some muscle injury acute, some chronic
* indicates ongoing exposure
39
Muscle response to injury
* Hypertorphy
* Atrophy
* Degeneration
* Necrosis - calcification
* Regeneration
* Fibrosis
40
Low PCV and normal CK think
hemoglobin
41
normal PCV and elevated CK think
moyglobin
-toxic to kidneys
42
Muscle damage
Circulation
* Downer cattle
* equine anesthesia
43
Muscle damage
myositis
* bacterial: clostridium, abscesses
* Parasitic: toxoplasma gondii, trichella spiralis, sarcocystis spp
* Autoimmune: systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, purpura hemorrhagica
44
Muscle damage
Congenital
* Malignant hyperthermia-pigs
* muscular dystropy
* equine rhabdomyolysis: sporadic, polysaccharide storage myopathy
* hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)
* Fainting goats
* Splayleg piglets
45
Muscle damage
exertional myopathies
* capture myopathy in exotics
* Disuse-cast
46
Muscle damage
nutritional
* malnutrition - atrophy
* vitamin E/selenium deficiency - white muscle dz
47
Muscle damage
toxins
* monensin
48
Muscle damage
dennervation
* Brachial plexus avulsion
* laryngeal hemiplagia
2nd path test
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