1
Q
How do you retrieve info from LTM?
A
- info in WM primes related concepts from LTM
- Bread > Butter
2
Q
Activation Calculations
A
- Activation (Ai)= probability and speed of access to info in memory
- Ai= Bi + EWxSxi
- Bi= Baseline
- Wx=Weight of Prime
- Sxi= Associative strength between prime and target
- Bread=Prime
- Butter= Target
- Need frequency of butter
3
Q
Priming Tasks
A
- Are both word strings words?
- Bird-Canary
- Band-Turkey
- Judgement times are faster for related pairs
4
Q
Define Retrieval Failures
A
- We are unable to retrieve info that was previously transferred to LTM
5
Q
Encoding Failures
A
- Info was not transferred to LTM (inattentive blindness)
6
Q
Retrieval Failure Theories
A
- Decay
- Interference
- retrieval cues are insufficient or inappropriate
7
Q
What are examples of memory distortions?
A
- source monitoring errors
- reconstruction errors
- misinformation
8
Q
What are source monitoring errors?
A
- source of memory is atrributed to wrong time, place, people, etc.
9
Q
What are reconstruction errors?
A
- retrieving incorrect details
- ex) office schema: recalling that a stapler was in a pic of an office when it wasn’t.
10
Q
Misinformation
A
- misleading post event info disrupts or biases memory
- evidence with kids and adults
11
Q
Doctor Study (Bruck et al 1995)
A
- Dr provides exam and leaves then assistant comes in and chat with kid about poster, 5 mins later Dr comes in and gives shot.
- 1 year later, NEW assistant visits homes and gives a neutral reminder“someone gave you a shot, someone chatted about poster” or misleading reminder“assistant gave shot, Dr talked about poster”
- in misleading condition after final visitation, 1/2 of children reported shot given by assistant
12
Q
Car Accident Study (Loftus and Palmer 1974)
A
- Ps watched video of car accident
- After viewing asked: How fast were the cars going when they HIT, CRASHED, BUMPED, COLLIDED, etc
- IV= Verb type
- smashed=41
- collided=39
- bumped=38
- hit=34
- 1 wk later “ did you see any broken glass?”
- yes response depended on IV
13
Q
Why does monitoring Errors occurr?
A
- Retroactive Intereference
- Misinformation acceptance
14
Q
Reroactive Interference
A
both memories exist, misleading new info overshadows original info
15
Q
Misinformation Acceptance
A
- accept misleading info as having been part of the even with both
- expect stronger misinfo effects when orginal memory trace is weaker
16
Q
Explicit Memory
A
Declarative:
Facts and events
17
Q
Implicit Memory
A
Nondeclarative:
- E.g., procedural knowledge, motor skills
- Can influence performance on a task even w/out conscious awareness
18
Q
Henry Gustav Molaison (HM)
A
- Surgery rendered his hippocampus nonfunctional
- Initial diagnosis: Anterograde amnesia-old memories intact, but could not form new ones
- Challenged by later evidence from implicit tasks (Mirror drawing task; Tower of Hanoi)
- We’ve learned that PKM zeta allows us to store info in LTM.
- the zip enzyme counteracts PKM zeta
19
Q
A
