Low Vision Flashcards by Dr. Kim Sefuentes

can lead to visual disability

visual impairment

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functional loss that results from visual disorders

visual impairment

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extent of an individual’s ability to move from one position to another and walk independently

ambulating

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can lead to visual handicap

visual disability

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gives rise to vision related changes in the skill and abilities

visual disability

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measured in terms of the skills, can or cannot perform

visual disability

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ability of a persoj to feed oneself

feeding

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ability to groom and bathe

personally hygiene

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ability to control bladder & bowel function

continence

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ability to get to and from toilet

toileting

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refers to the psycholosocial & economic consequences of vision loss (vocational, educational, recreational, personal interactions, social life)

visual handicap

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prevalence of vision impairment

2.2 billion

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at least how many could prevent visual impairment

1 billion

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ability to select appropriate clothes and to put the clothes on

dressing

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skills if the person gets hampered giving rise to barriers in the environment both physical and social.

visual handicap

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The leading cause of visual impairment excluding presbyopia.

Uncorrected Refractive Error

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Leading cause of low vision for geriatrics.

Cataract

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changes in illuminance between regions which are not separated by definite boarders

contrast

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the ability of visual system to distinguish between an object and its background

contrast sensitivity

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the smallest amount of contrast to be able to see a target

contrast threshold

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ability to perceive visual information across the full visual spectrum from fine to broad scale

spatial frequency

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measured with repititive patterns of black and white bars

spatial frequency

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measures clarity of vision

visual acuity

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results when eye condition affects the visual system and one or more of its visual function

visual impairment

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VA equal fo or better than 6/12 or 20/40

No visual impairment

VA worse than 6/12 to 6/18 or 20/40 to 20/70

mild visual impairment

VA worse than 6/18 to 6/60 or 20/70 to 20/200

moderate visual impairment

VA worse than 6/60 to 3/60 or 20/200 to 20/400

severe visual impairment

VA worse than 3/60 or 20/400 up to no light perception

blindness

factors affecting contrast sensitivity

age refractive error cataract contact lens refractive surgery glaucoma DR Optice neuropathies pituitary adenoma toxic chemicals

represents the monocular visual field's sensitivity & extent

island

ring shaped indicators that acts as a boundary for the different areas of sensitivity

isopter

area that sits the island, outermost margins show the area that cannot be seem

plane

area of nothingness

blind spot

loc 15 deg temporally from fixation

physiological blindspot

corresponds to optic disc/ optic never head (void of photoreceptors)

physiological blindspot

type of scotoma wherein there is decreased sensitivity in that area

relative scotoma

type of scotoma wherein there is an absence of sensitivity in that area

absolute scotoma

blind spot is what scotoma

absolute scotoma

thin, transparent membrane wherein images are cast through the photoreceptors and where never impulses are generated and conveyed to the nerve

retina

photoreceptors responsible for scotopic vision

rods

photoreceptors responsible for photopic vision

cones

extent of superior visual field

extent of inferior visual field

extent of monocular visual field

150

extent of overlapping monocular fields

120

continuation of the optic chiasm wherein crossed and uncrossed fibers merge

optic tract

relay station between the retina and the brain

LGB

type of bilateral defect wherein both visual field defects are location on the left

homonymous

type of bilateral field defects wherein both visual field defects extent is equal

congrous

lesion located if there is a left homonymous hemianopsia w/ wernicke's pupil reflex

right optic tract

pie in the sky visual field defects wherein pertains to

superior quadrantanopsia

right optic radiation will cause this type of visual field defect

left homonymous hemianopsia

indication when during swinging flashlight test, the light is placed at OD and it constricts if the light is transferred to OS, while observing OD it maintains constriction

no pupillary defect

indication when during swining flashlight test, the light is placed at OD, the pupul is stationary if the light is transferred to OS, while obsrrving OD it remains static

presence of EPD at OD

indication when during swinung flashlight test, the light is placed at OD and it constricts if the light is transferred to OS, while observing OD maintains its constriction for a few seconds but then followed by fast redilation

presence of RAPD at OS

branch of science that deals with the normal functions of each organisms and their parts or structures

physiology

list of functional visual impairment

reduced visual acuity or contrast sensitivity visual field loss photophobia diplopia visual distortion visual perceptual difficulties

functional limitations that can result from disorders which can be

congenital hereditary acquired conditions age related changes

hereditary disorders causing functional limitations

retinitis pigmentosa stargardts macular degeneration

color vision deficiency is also known as

anomalous trichromacy

color vision defect is also known as

dichromacy

true color blindness is also known as

achromatopsia

2 types of true color blindness

incomplete achromatopsia complete achromatopsia

incomplete achromatopsia is also known as

cone monochromacy

complete achromatopsia is also known as

rod monochromacy

one of the cones is altered in its spectral sensitivity

anomalous trichromacy

the green sensitive cones have decreased sensitivity

deuteranomaly or anomalous deuteranopia

deuteranomaly is also known as

deuteranopia

most common color vusioj deficiency

deuteranomaly or deuteranopia

referred to as red weakness

protanomaly or anomalous protanopia

anomalous protanopia is also known as

protanomaly

colors that appear paler when the red wavelengths shifted towards green

orange yellow yellow green

rare type of anomalous trichromatic vision

tritanomaly or anomalous tritanopia

blue sensitive cones have decreased sensitivity

tritanomaly or anomalous tritanopia

tritanomaly is also known as

anomalous tritanomaly

less than about ___ of people affected by tritanomaly

0.01%

what colors are unaffected by tritanomaly

reds and greens, some yellow are visible

person with tritanomaly or anomalous tritanopia have difficulty distinguishing between these colors

yellow and blue

one of the three groups of cone cells in the retina is missing or not functioning

dichromacy

types of dichromacy according to the type of cone cells missing

protanopia deuteranopia tritanopia

most common type of dichromacy

protanopia

unable to spot red color and may have difficulty in spotting green color

protanopia

this condition is very similar to that of protanopia

deuteranopia

what color usually appear when colors blue and green are mixed and protanopia people are unable to mark their difference

grey

rarest form of dichromacy having ratio if 10 in 1 million people

tritanopia

deuteranopia patients doesnt have ___ cone cells in the retina making them unable to spot this color

green

tritanopia patients are unable to distinguish between these colors

yellow and blue

patients with deuteranopia do not usually have difficulty in recognizing colors that relate to ___ shades

green and red

reduced or complete loss of color discrimination

achromatopsia

types of incomplete (cone monochromatism)

b cone monochromacy m cone monochromacy l cone monochromacy

perceive everything just in shade of grey

monochromacy

types of incomplete (cone monochromatism)

b cone monochromacy m cone monochromacy l cone monochromacy

caused by total absence of either two or all of the pigmented retinal cones, reducing vision to one dimension

monochromacy or achromatopsia

condition of having only a single type of cone in the retina

cone monochromacy or incomplete achromatopsia

less severe than rod monochromacy in that visual acuity remains normal

cone monochromacy (incomplete achromatopsia)

cone monochromacy can be categorized as

blue cone monochromacy green cone monochromacy red cone monochromacy

blue cone monochromacy is also known as

s cone monochromacy

m cone monochromacy is also known as

green cone monochromacy

red cone monochromacy is also known as

L cone monochromacy

area of reduced or absent visual sensitivity inside an isopter surrounded by areas of normal or higher sensitivity

scotoma

types of scotoma

relative absolute positive negative

scotoma that is the area wherein retinal sensitivity is decreased, target may seem to be blurry

relative scotoma

scotoma wherein retinal sensitivity is absent

absolute

intensity and size of target will not affect the response in this type of scotoma

absolute

type of scotoma wherein can detect target of higher intensity and larger size

relative

scotoma wherein patient is aware of the defect

positive

scotoma wherein patient is not conscious of the defect

negative

science of measuring visual field

perimetry

perimetry that is better for locating snall scotomas

static perimetry

perimetry that is better for determining borders of larger VF defects

kinetic perimetry

presentation of stimulus in specific areas within the visual field

static perimetry

stimulus is presented at varying intensity to find the threshold per isopter

threshold perimetery

stimulus presented at intensities calculated to be above the px threshold

static supra threshold perimetery

stimulus is oresented twice per location, if missed on the first presentation, what scotoma is present

relative defect

stimulus is presented twice per location in perimetry, if the brightness of the second stimulus will intensify, again if missed

absolute scotoma

theres movement of stimulus until detection. the size and intensity of stimulus is changed to form a new boundary for a different area of sensitivity

kinetic perimetery

components of visual pathway

retina optic nerve optic chiasma optic tract lateral geniculate body (LGN) optic radiation area striata/ broadmann area #17

thin transparent membrane where images are cast through the photoreceptors and where nerve impluses are generated and conveyed to the nerve

retina

connects retina to the brain, cranial nerve #2

optic nerve

uncrossed, external/lateral fiber located at temporal half

non decussating optic chiasma

crossed, internal/ medial fiber located at nasal half

decussating optic chiasm

posterior continuation of optic chiasma with its fibers merge & terminate at the LGB

optic tract

regarded as the sub cortical visual center of the brain, serving as a relay station between the retina & brain/ cortex (area 17)

LGB

Carry visual impluse to area striata (area 17)

optic radiation

visual center of the brain located at medial aspect of the occipital lobe

are striata/ broadmann area #17

descriptions of visual field defects

position shape laterality congruity

position of VF defects that is within 30 degreas from fixation

central

position of VF defect that us farther than 30 degrees from fixation

peripheral

optic nerve in this condition is misrouting in optic chiasma, the proportion in crossed and uncrossed is not equal

albinism

where does pupillary pathway ends

optic tract

no optic chiasma

achiasma

group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia

diabetes mellitus

causes macrovascular & microvascular complications

chronic hyperglycemia

types of diabetes

type 1 type 2 gestational diabetes mellitus

exocrine functions that helps in digestion

pancreas

function of pancreas in endocrine

regulates blood sugar

two cells that are responsible for glucose regulations located in pancreatic isleys

alpha cells beta cells

cells that secretes glucagon

alpha cells

cells that secretes insulin

beta cells

results from destruction of beta cells in the pancreas

type 1 diabetes mellitus

most common form of DM worldwide

type 2 DM

any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first diagnosis during pregnancy

gestational diabetes mellitus

when does the diagnosis during pregnancy happens in gestational diabetes mellitus

2nd to 3rd trimester

ocular manifestation of DM in lens

cataract

ocular manifestation of DM in pupil

sluggish reflex

ocular manifestation of DM in conjunctiva

microaneurysm

ocular manifestation of DM in tear film

dry eye syndrome

ocular manifestation of DM in iris

rubeosis iridis

ocular manifestation of DM in retina

retinopathy

ocular manifestation of DM in cornea

reduced corneal sensitivity

leading cause of preventable blindness

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic retinoathy is a retinal vascular damage caused by DM due to

chronic hyperglycemia

leasing cause of new blindness in the 20-74 yo population in US

Diabetic retinopathy

types of Diabetic Retinopathy

proliferative non proliferative

early stage of Diabetic Retinopathy, symptoms are mild or non existent, mild to severe stage

non proliferative

most severe form of Diabetic retinopathy, neovascularization occurs

proliferative

signs of Diabetic Retinopathy

microaneurysm cotton wool spots hard exudates hemorrhages intraretinal microvascular abnormality (IRMA) Venouse beading neovascularization fibrovascular proliferation macular edema

Low Vision Flashcards

(161 cards)