1
Q
Pharmacology
A
Study of the biological effects of drugs
2
Q
Pharmodynamics
A
Drugs actions on target cells and resulting reaction in the body
3
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
- drug movement in the body to achieve action
4
Q
Four processes important in Pharmacokinetics
A
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
5
Q
Absorption
A
- As the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood stream to be circulated.
- The rate of absorption determines how soon effects will begin
6
Q
Factors Affecting Absorption
A
- Rate of dissolution: drugs that have rapid dissolution will have a faster onset
- Surface Area: the larger the surface area, the faster the drug is absorbed. PO drugs usually absorbed in small intestine (stomach has small surface area).
- Blood Flow: drugs absorbed most rapidly from sites where blood flow is high
Presence of food: usually slows absorption of a drug can lead to incomplete absorption - Lipid Solubility: highly lipid- soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than drugs whose lipid solubility is low
7
Q
Bioavailability
A
- how much of the drug reaches the systemic circulation and can act on body cells
8
Q
Distribution
A
- The movement of drugs throughout the body, carried by the blood to sites of action, metabolism and excretion
9
Q
Protein Binding
A
- Free or unbound drug is active and can cause a pharmalogical response.
- ** the portion of drug that is bound to protein is inactive because it is not available to receptors**
10
Q
Metabolism
A
- method by which drugs are inactivated by the body
- takes place in the liver
11
Q
What is the first pass effect?
A
- the drug is sent straight to the liver and then becomes inactive
12
Q
Liver enzymes
A
- initially inactive until they are metabolized by the liver, then they become active
13
Q
Excretion
A
- elimination of drugs from the body
- most excretion is done by the kidneys
14
Q
What is critical concentration?
A
- the amount of a drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect
15
Q
What is toxic concentration?
A
- the drug at which toxicity begins to occur
16
Q
What is onset of action?
A
- the time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic effect
- also called the minimum effective concentration
17
Q
What is the peak of action?
A
- the time when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration
- also called the maximum therapeutic response
18
Q
What is the steady state concentration?
A
- maintaining of a steady concentration in the blood, it takes about 4-5 half lives to achieve
19
Q
What is peak and trough?
A
- high and low concentrations of medication in the body
20
Q
What is the drug index?
A
- the margin of safety of a drug
21
Q
What is the window?
A
- the concentration of the drug in plasma needed for obtaining the desired drug action and having few toxic effects
22
Q
What is the loading dose?
A
- a large initial dose of the medication given to achieve minimum effective concentration
23
Q
Wha is the maintenance dose?
A
- quantityof drug needed to keep blood levels at steady state
24
Q
Serum half life
A
- the time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease by 50%
25
Adverse drug reactions
- any undesired responses to drug administration
26
Primary action
- overdose, extension of the drug effects
27
Secondary effects
- undesired effects produced in addition to pharmacological effects
28
Hypersensitivity reaction
- excessive response to primary or secondary effect of the drug
29
Black box warning
- given drugs that may cause serious or life threatening adverse effects
- required by the FDA
30
Off label use
-use of prescriptions for other than their intended use
31
Idiosyncratic reactions
- uncommon, unexpected reaction to the drug
32
Teratogenic
- harmful to the fetus
33
Trade name
- developed by the manufacturer
| - example: Advil
34
Generic name
- independent of the manufacturer
| - ibuprofen
35
What is know about herbals
- that they are not regulated by the FDA
