encoding and retrieving info
encoding: adding info to memory
Retrieval: finding target info in memory
- the two usually interact
encoding elboration
- elaboration is more effective when elaborated info adds/supports meaning of target info
t or f: all elaborations help integrate info with prior knowledge
false, meaning elaborations help
t or f: organization of words improves memory
true
schema
- organized unit of knowledge
- typical expectations abt situations, events, ppl, etc
- used to infer details
t or f: memories distort schemas to fit expectations
false, schemas distort memories
concepts surrounding memory and studying
- spacing effect: how you space out studying info (better to have more space than to cram)
- context effects: recall info best when in same enviro you learned them in
- encoding specificity effect: successful retrieval=encoding+cues match
- state dependant learning: material learned intoxicated better remembered when intoxicated (sober is better)
levels of processing and problems
- shallow: physical features
- deep: meaning
- problems: circular reasoning (deep encoding makes greater memory, encoding is deep bc of better memory)
TAP (processing)
- transfer appropriate processing
- at encoding: varied by depth (rhyming (shallow) vs sentence frame (deep))
- at retrieval, used rhymes as retrieval cues (rhyme as: retrieval cue/shallow vs recognition/deep)
t or f: shallower encoding makes worse recall
false, better
consolidation of memory
- how you make info stay so you can later recall it
- happens at two levels, synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation
synaptic consolidation
- experience effects reup
- repeated experiences change at synaptic levels, quick (minutes)
systems consolidation overview
- long term, gradual changes (days/months/years)
- repeated retrievals change organization of neural circuits that represent memories
systems consolidation explain detail
- hippocampus is main driver in activating/reactivating events, but after a while connection between areas in cortex become stronger and independent of hippocampus
t or f: when memory is retrieved, it is vulnerable to change
true, every time you recall a memory you reconsolidate it/refresh it and add extra layers
what two processes are referred to as consolidation
- consolidation: changes initial encoded memory into permanent memory
- reconsolidation: restore a memory to more permanent form after being retrieved
hypoxia
- hypocampus cells die first
- low oxygen to brain
- most common damage to hypocampus
sleep and consolidation
- not fully understood
- in rats: same areas of brain used to navigate maps reactivated during sleep
- slow wave activity during sleep (more in young adults than oldies)
when does the largest amount of synaptic connections occur
during sleep
for memory young adults relied more on the _______ whereas older adults on the _____
prefrontal cortex, hypocampus
- the way you retrieve info may change w age
t or f: how you receive info based on an event does not effect your memory of the event
false, it can change memory due to vulnerability to suggestion
False memory
- DRM paradigm ( a theme word is never said but ppl remember seeing it)
misinformation effect
- probabilistic is not always reconsolidating automatically
how do shemas effect memory retrieval
- expected sequence of events
