1
Q
perception
A
- interpreting/understanding/putting signals into context
- cues do not differ from different senses and their cues
2
Q
_____ take in neurotransmitters and leave from ______
A
dendrites, axons
3
Q
order the eyes structure from front to back
A
cornea, iris, pupil, lens, fovea, retina, optic nerve
4
Q
define cornea, iris, lens, and retina
A
- cornea: clear covering to the eye
- iris: ring of muscles controlling how much light gets in
- lens: w/cornea, focuses light on back of the eye
- retina: where sensing takes place, photosensitive membrane at the back of the eye where transduction takes place
5
Q
Define fovea and optic nerve
A
- fovea: point of highest visual acuity, centre of retina, focal point (surrounding is blurry)
- optic nerve: takes visual info to the brain
6
Q
The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the ______
A
blind spot
7
Q
changing of physical stimulus into neural energy/electrical signal
A
transduction
8
Q
where does transduction take place in the eye
A
two places in the retina:
- rods: bright/dim, sensitive to light but poor acuity
- cones: colour, low sensitivity to light, high acuity, diff types respond to diff colours
9
Q
why do eyes constantly move
A
because photoreceptors need replenishing/to reset constantly
10
Q
perfectly functioning eyes but damage to one of the occipital lobes results in _______
A
- blindsight
- due to multiple paths for visual info, they can guess the right answer unconsciously
11
Q
Distal vs proximal stimulus
A
Distal: stimulus out in the world, 3D object
Proximal: stimulus on the sense organ, 2D representation on the retina
12
Q
examples of binocular cues
A
- convergence (focused on a point close to the eyes, gives idea of distance, eyes converge and lens accommodate when objects are close)
- Binocular disparity: slightly different view angles of the world projected, shows sense of how far your retinas are, gives idea of depth
13
Q
t or f: the brain uses info from both eyes (binocular cues) and not properties from the proximal stimulus (monocular cues) to make inferences about depth of distal stimulus
A
false, the brain uses both together
14
Q
what do monocular cues do and what are they based on
A
- based on info from one retina
- makes inferences on size/distance
15
Q
Monocular cue: Perspective
A
- lines converge at a distance
- ex. train tracks disappearing in distance/two lines looking different sizes bc of track size or arrow pointing to or away
16
Q
Monocular cue: Relative size
A
bigger things tend to be closer
17
Q
Monocular cue: Interposition
A
- closer objects obscure/overlap distant ones
- front is closer
18
Q
Monocular cue: Motion parallax
A
- close= quick, far=slow
19
Q
Monocular cue: Texture gradient
A
- less detailed=farther away
20
Q
Monocular cue: Ariel perspective
A
- farther something is, the more of a haze to it (often blueish)
21
Q
Monocular cue: shading
A
- shadows/shading shows cues about depth/gives illusion of height
22
Q
Monocular cue: Light and shadow
A
- light source us assumes to come from above
- faces are assumed to be convex
23
Q
Your knowledge of the world and matching info with what you already know is described as ______
A
object perception
24
Q
Gestalt Psychology
A
- assumptions made in order to process info
- how we segregate and group visual info
- ‘The whole is more than the sum of the parts’ - interpretation is key
25
Gestalt principals: Law of proximity
- group things together the closer they are
26
Gestalt principals: Law of similarity
- group things together based on visually similar stimuli
27
Gestalt principals: Law of good continuation
- how you extract parts of an object even if the object is covered/disrubted
28
Gestalt principals: Law of closure
- illusory contours
- inferences made due to seeing an image
- implying contour
- seeing a shape/picture based on lines/surrounding shapes/lines
29
Gestalt principals: Law of common fate
- different small sections are seen as part of object bc they move similarly (speed, pattern, etc)
- ex bird flocks
30
Gestalt principals: Law of pragnanz/simplicity
- organizing visual display should be as simple, stable, and consistent as possible
- interoperate the world as simple
- gravitate towards simple explanations
- ignore hard things
31
Bi/monocular cues are innate assumptions about _______
3D objects
32
Bottom up Theories vs top-down theories
bottom up: decision based on info coming in, data-driven (external stimuli>sensory info>perception)
top down: use knowledge/context when info comes in to understand/process, conceptually driven (world knowledge>expectations and biases>perception)
33
Template theory
- objects have templates that you compare current images to, you have a copy of everything you've encountered and match it when you reencounter it
- object must be: same size and position as template
- no room for variety, 1:1 match (even though same thing can have different interpretations
34
Feature theory
- more flexible
- certain neurons respond to features
- recognize object by searching memory for objects with those features
- analyses objects as combo of elemental features
- Findings by Hubel and Weisel showing we have cortical cells that react to specific features
35
For feature theory, how do feature detectors work
- order: word detector, letter detector, feature detector
- neurons feed into other neurons until they combine to form info (building blocks)
36
How did Selfridge adapt the feature theory in an easy to understand way
- Pandemonium (how info gets from outside world to your head for processing)
- Uses 'demons' who shout at different volumes
- order: data, feature, cognitive, decision demons
37
t or f: exaggerated facial features lead to faster recognition
true
38
Prototype theories
- overall representation of new and old info line up
- a prototype is the one 'ideal' for a category, takes all interpretations and makes the average
- room for variety
- perceive object by comparing it to stored prototypes
- may not differentiate different items within a category (ie. cat breeds)
39
bi stable images
- you either interoperate it one way or the other (never both at once)
40
What is a modified version of feature theory
-Object centred theories
- representations one has is based on the object itself
- features are 3D and more complex
- feature positions relative to other features
41
Who was a key player in object centred theory and what did they study
- Biederman
- Recognition by components
- every object is build up of 3D 'geons'
- if you recognize components, you recognize the object
42
t or f: according to Biederman's research on object centred theory, it is easier to recognize objects when parts are missing rather than line segments
no, line segments removed rather than parts missing
43
What is the modified template theory and what does it say
- Viewer centred theory
- info based on incoming processing
- every experience with an object is stored until you use it later
- multiple snapshots of objects stored
44
t or f: you can match new incoming stimuli to make a new angle of an object according to viewer centred theory
true
45
What is the theory of being able to rotate stimulus to match with previous exposure and who thought of it
- Tarr
- Multiple view theory
- under viewer centred theory
46
t or f: research by Tarr and Gauthier show that multiple views of the same object learned are stored together
false, the different views are stored separately
47
when talking about multiple view theory, does one:
a) Have a 3D map of all objects from their previous perceptions
or
b) Take a snapshot of the object and do the 3D transformations in their head
b)
48
Thomas Bayesian's Theory of Object Recognition
- make assumptions based on priors
- probability not absolutes
- (generative model) incoming stimuli> break down into features)>priors>(recognition model) belief abt features>belief abt objects
49
what are priors (bayesian)
- expectations for what youre seeing
- gets modified by experience
50
What is change blindness
- when people do not notice changes in environment bc attention was not directed there
51
flicker paradigm
- gone or there, easy to spot difference
52
name the gestalt principals
- law of proximity
- law of good continuation
- law of similarity
- law of closure
- law of common fate
- law of simplicity
Cog Psych
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