lungs

Question 1

find structures contained within this

Answer 1

Question 2

green

Answer 2

costal margin at L3

Question 3

pink

Answer 3

jugular notch at T2/T3

Question 4

red

Answer 4

sternal angle at T9

Question 5

left or right lung and why

Answer 5

right lung:
1. oesophagus is closest to hilum
2. superior and inferior vena cava on anterior sides of hilum
3. azygos joining from posterior side

Question 6

left or right lung and why

Answer 6

1. aortic arch - L shaped
2. oesophgus is anterior to the descending aorta
3. cardiac notch = apex of lung

Question 7

a bronchopulomary segment is the what?

Answer 7

the smallest functional unit of the lung that can be removed without affecting adjacent regions

Question 8

bronchopulmonary segments receive own ………. supply by what?

Answer 8

blood
by a segmental bronchus branch of pulmonary artery

Question 9

each bronchopulmonary segment has what things of its own - and what organ is this similar to RESEARCH

Answer 9

• its own bronchiole, pulomary artery and bronchial artery off the aorta
• venus supply
• lymphatic drainage
• to liver

Question 10

how can we think of parietal, visceral and pleural cavity using the analogy of bags

Answer 10

1. visceral: imagine a tightly stuck plastic bag over lungs and even going into the fascia
2. parietal is a looser bag over the plastic bag - maybe an ASDA one
3. pleural is the physiological space between the two bags

Question 11

how can you drain air out once it has been introduced inside lungs

Answer 11

chest drain

Question 12

how many segments will a right lung have?

Answer 12

right lung has 3 lobes, so 10 segments

Question 12

how many segments will a left lung have?

Answer 12

2 lobes so 9 segments

Question 12

innervation is ________ via ________ plexus

Answer 12

autonomic via pulmonary plexus

Question 13

left (lateral) lung has how many lobes and fiscias?

Answer 13

two lobes: lower and upper
one fascia - oblique

Question 13

lets say youve been stabbed - whats happened?

Answer 13

1. gone through parietal wall, air in bouts has been introduced inside pleural cavity
2. causes that area of actual lung tissue to collapse

Question 14

midline structure of trachea is palpated in the …..

Answer 14

suprasternal notch at T2

Question 14

pulmonary circulation is for gas exchange.
- ___ pulmonary artery to each lung, ___ pulmonary veins from each lung

Answer 14

one

two

Question 14

right (lateral) lung has how many lobes and fiscias?

Answer 14

3 lobes:lower, middle and upper
2 fascia: horizontal and oblique

Question 15

right bronchi is ______ + _____ than left bronchi and is _____ aligned with trachea.
what would this mean if you inhaled something by accident ?

Answer 15

shorter and wider and more aligned with trachea than left bronchi

if you inhaled smth, it would most likely end up in right lung

Question 16

sympathetic chain innervates where?

Answer 16

upper thoracic branches

Question 17

the anterior surface of lungs is in ocntact with ______, medial in contact with _______, inferior in contact with _______

Answer 17

anterior - ribs
medial - mediastinum
inferior - diaphgram

Question 18

the lung is ___ shaped, and is apex(on top of) the _____.
it _______ lies on diaphgram

Answer 18

cone
- above clavicle
- inferiorly lies on diaphgram

Question 19

the thoracic cage consists of 3:

Answer 19

sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae

Question 20

the trachea is a ________ tube made up of ___ to ___ C shaped cartilage rings connected by ________ membrane

Answer 20

flexible 16-20 fibroelastic

Question 21

trachea begins at what?

Answer 21

level of cricoid cartilage at C6

Question 22

trachea can be a marker for what?

Answer 22

Mediastinal shift when the mediastinum (space in chest containing heart and trachea) is displaced to one side

Question 23

vegas nerve =

Answer 23

parasympathetic

Question 24

what are the 3 borders of lungs

Answer 24

1. anterior, posterior and inferior

Question 25

what are the two types of thoracic cavity borders

Answer 25

1. superior thoracic aperture 2. inferior border: diagphgram/inferior thoracic aperture

Question 26

what does bifurcate mean

Answer 26

divide into two

Question 27

what does pneumothorax cause?

Answer 27

causes atelectasis (unilateral lung collapse) and decreased/absent gas exchange

Question 28

what does the parietal layer in the pleura do?

Answer 28

lines pulmonary cavities and reflects onto lungs

Question 29

what does the pleural cavity do?

Answer 29

potential space between layers containing serous fluid for lubrication and cohesion - allows visceral and parietal pleura to move together

Question 30

what does the visceral layer in pleura do?

Answer 30

adheres to surface of lungs forming a shiny surface

Question 31

what is a radiographic feature of pleural effusion

Answer 31

fluid location varies with patient position and gravity

Question 32

what is bronchial circulation's primary purpose

Answer 32

supply of oxygenated blood to walls of the tracheobronchial tree and visceral pleura

Question 33

what is pleural effusion and whats the immediate cause

Answer 33

- due to increased production or reabsorption of pleural fluid or inflammation

Question 34

what is pneumothorax

Answer 34

- air enters pleural cavity - due to rupture of visceral or parietal pleura

Question 35

what is pulmonary circulation's primary purpose

Answer 35

gas exchange

Question 36

what is the inner pleural called

Answer 36

visceral pleura (its coating the organ - lung)

Question 37

what is the outer pleural wall called

Answer 37

parietal 'wall'

Question 38

what is the trachealis muscle and what does it do upon contraction

Answer 38

smooth muscle located posteriorly contraction = narrowing of airways

Question 39

what is the tracheas primary purpose

Answer 39

to transport air through to lungs

Question 40

what kind of rings make up the trachea

Answer 40

C shaped cartilage rings

Question 41

what pairs of ribs are False and why?

Answer 41

false 8-10 - costal cartilages articulate indirectly with sternum by articulating with the costal cartilage of the rib above

Question 42

what pairs of ribs are floating and why?

Answer 42

11th and 12th pairs no costal cartilage

Question 43

what things are contained within the thoracic wall (5)

Answer 43

thoracic rib cage skin and subcutaneous tissue muscles fascia nerves and vessels

Question 44

what vessels are involved w bronchial circulation

Answer 44

bronchial aterires - small vessels from thoracic aorta bronchial veins - drain into azygos system

Question 45

where does the trachea bifurcate and why is this important (to bifurcate)?

Answer 45

at the level of the sternal angle (T4/T5) into right and left primary bronchi at carina trachea needs to go into left and right lung

Question 46

which pair ribs are True and why?

Answer 46

1-7 costal cartilage articuate directly with sternum

Question 47

where is the carina

Answer 47

ridge of cartilage deep inside the trachea where it splits (bifurcates) into the left and right main bronchi

Question 48

why are bronchopulonary segments significant when it comes to tumours

Answer 48

if tumour is just in 1 or two segments, you could remove just the affected segments rather than the entire right/left lung

Question 49

why do grooves/dentattion in lungs usually exist

Answer 49

because organs are passing through

Question 50

why is the pleural cavity a physiological space and when does it becamew a pathological one

Answer 50

physiological as it serves a purpose - the fluid contained within reduces friction - becomes pathological if you introduce something e.g air from being stabbed -------> pathological space is inherently bad