CCNA > M1.4 Physical Layer > Flashcards

M1.4 Physical Layer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the OSI physical layer?

A

To transport the bits that make up a data link layer frame across network media

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2
Q

What connects a device to a network?

A

A Network Interface Card NIC

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3
Q

What component connects an end device to a wired Ethernet network?

A

An Ethernet Network Interface Card NIC

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4
Q

The physical layer accepts a complete frame from which OSI layer?

A

The data link layer

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5
Q

What are the three functional areas addressed by physical layer standards?

A

Physical Components Encoding and Signaling

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6
Q

Which organization defines services and protocols for the TCP/IP suite?

A

The Internet Engineering Task Force IETF

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7
Q

Which organization is a key international body for standardization?

A

International Organization for Standardization ISO

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8
Q

Which organization’s standards include TIA/EIA-568 for LAN cabling?

A

The Telecommunications Industry Association TIA

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9
Q

Which organization rates UTP cabling performance and created the 802.11 standards?

A

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE

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10
Q

What is the method of converting a stream of data bits into a predefined code?

A

Encoding

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11
Q

Which encoding method represents a 0 bit by a high to low voltage transition?

A

Manchester encoding

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12
Q

What encoding schemes are used in 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T Ethernet?

A

4B/5B and 8B/10B respectively

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13
Q

What is the signaling method?

A

The way that bits are represented on the media

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14
Q

What is the capacity at which a medium can carry data?

A

Bandwidth

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15
Q

In what units is digital bandwidth typically measured?

A

kbps Mbps or Gbps

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16
Q

What term refers to the amount of time including delays for data to travel between two points?

A

Latency

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17
Q

What is the measure of the transfer of bits across media over a given period?

A

Throughput

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18
Q

Is throughput typically higher or lower than the specified bandwidth?

A

Lower

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19
Q

What is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time?

A

Goodput

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20
Q

Which is always lowest among bandwidth throughput and goodput?

A

Goodput

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21
Q

What is the relationship between bandwidth throughput and goodput?

A

Goodput is always lower than throughput which is generally lower than bandwidth

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22
Q

What is the deterioration of a signal as it travels farther along a medium called?

A

Signal attenuation

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23
Q

What do the acronyms EMI and RFI stand for?

A

Electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference

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24
Q

What is the disturbance caused by the magnetic field of a signal on one wire to a signal in an adjacent wire?

A

Crosstalk

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25
How do some copper cables counter the negative effects of EMI and RFI?
By using metallic shielding
26
How do some copper cables counter the negative effects of crosstalk?
By twisting opposing circuit wire pairs together
27
What are the three main types of copper media used in networking?
UTP STP and Coaxial cable
28
What does the twisting of wires in UTP cable help protect against?
Signal interference from other wires
29
What connector is used with UTP and STP cabling?
RJ-45 connector
30
Which copper cable type provides better noise protection than UTP?
Shielded twisted-pair STP
31
What are the disadvantages of STP cable compared to UTP cable?
It is more expensive and difficult to install
32
What two techniques does STP cable combine to counter noise?
Shielding to counter EMI/RFI and wire twisting to counter crosstalk
33
What does the name coaxial cable refer to?
The fact that two conductors share the same axis
34
What are two modern uses for coaxial cable?
Wireless installations and cable internet installations
35
What are three connector types used with coaxial cable?
BNC N type and F type
36
What is the principle in UTP design where paired wires cancel each other's magnetic fields?
Cancellation
37
Why are the wire pairs in a UTP cable twisted a different number of times?
To enhance the cancellation effect and limit crosstalk between pairs
38
How is the cancellation effect in UTP cable enhanced?
By varying the number of twists of each wire pair
39
Which standard stipulates commercial cabling standards for LAN installations?
TIA/EIA-568
40
Who defines the electrical characteristics of copper cabling?
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE
41
What is the minimally acceptable cable type for modern Ethernet?
Category 5e
42
What is the recommended cable type for new building installations?
Category 6
43
Which UTP cable category supports speeds up to 40 Gbps?
Category 8
44
What data rate can Category 5e cable support?
1000 Mbps
45
What data rate can Category 6 cable support?
Up to 10 Gbps
46
What is the most common type of networking cable?
Ethernet Straight-through
47
What is an Ethernet Straight-through cable used for?
To interconnect a host to a switch and a switch to a router
48
What is an Ethernet Crossover cable used for?
To interconnect similar devices like a host to a host or a switch to a switch
49
What feature on modern NICs makes crossover cables legacy?
Auto-MDIX
50
What is a Cisco proprietary rollover cable used for?
To connect a workstation to a router or switch console port
51
What are the advantages of fiber-optic cable over copper wires?
Less attenuation and immunity to EMI and RFI
52
What is the maximum supported distance of fiber-optic cabling?
Up to 100,000 meters
53
What is the key advantage of fiber-optic cabling regarding electrical hazards?
It is completely immune
54
What does a fiber-optic cable transmit bits as?
Light impulses
55
What are the two broad classifications of fiber-optic cables?
Single-mode fiber SMF and Multimode fiber MMF
56
Which fiber type has a very small core and uses expensive laser technology?
Single-mode fiber SMF
57
What is a common application for single-mode fiber?
Long-distance situations spanning hundreds of kilometers
58
Which fiber type has a larger core and uses low-cost LED emitters?
Multimode fiber MMF
59
What is a common application for multimode fiber?
LANs
60
What does dispersion refer to in fiber optics?
The spreading out of a light pulse over time
61
Which fiber type experiences greater dispersion SMF or MMF?
MMF
62
In Enterprise Networks what is fiber typically used for?
Backbone cabling applications
63
What does FTTH stand for?
Fiber-to-the-Home
64
Which fiber connector uses a twist-on/twist-off bayonet-style mechanism?
Straight-Tip ST connector
65
Which fiber connector uses a push-pull mechanism?
Subscriber Connector SC
66
What is a duplex connector?
A single connector that accepts both transmitting and receiving fibers
67
What color jacket is used for single-mode fiber cables?
Yellow
68
What color jacket is used for multimode fiber cables?
Orange or aqua
69
How does wireless media carry data communication signals?
Using radio or microwave frequencies
70
What is a limitation of wireless related to physical structures?
Coverage area
71
Wireless communication is susceptible to what from other devices?
Interference
72
Why is security a major component of wireless network administration?
Unauthorized users can gain access to the transmission
73
In which duplex mode do WLANs operate?
Half-duplex
74
What is the common name for the IEEE 802.11 standard?
Wi-Fi
75
What contention-based protocol does WLAN technology use?
CSMA/CA
76
What is the common name for the IEEE 802.15 standard?
Bluetooth
77
What is the common name for the IEEE 802.16 standard?
WiMAX
78
What is the common name for the IEEE 802.15.4 specification?
Zigbee
79
What type of device concentrates wireless signals and connects to the wired network?
Wireless Access Point AP
80
What are the three components of an access point ?
Wireless antenas, Several Ethernet swicthports and an internet port
81
What data range can Category 5 support ?
100Mbps
82
Order of cables of the T568A standard
verde: cruzado, derecho naranja cruzado azul: derecho, cruzado naranja derecho cafe: cruzado, derecho
83
Order of cables of the T568B standard
naranja: cruzado, derecho verde cruzado azul: derecho, cruzado verde derecho cafe: cruzado, derecho
84
Four types of industry fiber optic cabling is used
- Enterprise Netwroks - FTTH - Long Haul Networks - Submarine Cable Networks
85
What wireless standars is a WPAN and allows devices to communicate over distances of 1 to 100 meters?
Bluetooth
86
Which wireless standar uses a point-to point multipoint technology ?
WiMAX
87
Wireless standard used for low-data range, low-power communications. Typically used for IoT
Zigbee
88
WLAN requires the following networking devices
- Wireless Access Point - Wireless NIC adapters
89
Goodput is defined as...
Throughput - overheard from session establishments
90
Which UTP category has a plastic piece separating the four wire pairs?
Category 6
91
What is the primary reason that modern Ethernet NICs using auto-MDIX have made crossover cables largely legacy ?
They can automatically detect the required cable type and adjust their internal connections
92
A home wireless router typically integrates the functions of...
A router, a switch and an access point
93
Which implementation issue presents the challenge for fiber-optic cabling compared to UTP ?
Media and connector costs
94
What is digital bandwith ?
The amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time
95
Which three factors that influence throughtput ?
1. The amount of traffic 2. The type of traffic 3. The latency created by the number of network devices encountered between source and destination
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