1
Q
- A connective tissue.
- Cells and formed elements
- WBCs,
- RBCs,
- PLTs.
- Extracellular fluid matrix, plasma.
- FUNC:
- Homeostasis,
- Transport,
- regulation,
- protection.
A
Blood
2
Q
- Cells ___ %
- Formed elements
- WBCs
- RBCs
- PLTs
A
45%
3
Q
Blood ___
- The liquid portion of unclotted blood
A
plasma
4
Q
Blood ___
- The liquid portion of clotted blood.
A
Blood serum
5
Q
- Plasma ___%.
- Water
- Solutes
A
55%
6
Q
Plasma Water, ___ %
A
92%
7
Q
Plasma ____, 8%
- Plasma proteins
- Miscellaneous solutes
A
Plasma Solutes
8
Q
Plasma ___, 7-8%
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
A
Plasma Proteins
9
Q
Plasma ___, 0.25%
- Gas
- NO2
- O2
A
Plasma Miscellaneous
10
Q
- Layer
- WBC
- PLTs.
A
Buffy Coat
11
Q
Blood ___ is increased, when compared to water.
A
Viscosity
12
Q
The temperature of the blood is ___℃ in the body.
A
38
13
Q
Blood pH is ___.
A
7.35-7.45
14
Q
Blood color is red but varies on ___ content.
A
oxygen
15
Q
Blood volume is ___ liters, varies on gender and body mass.
A
4-6
16
Q
____, the development of formed elements of blood in red-marrow from pluripotent stem cells.
Matures in bone-marrow or lymphoid.
A
Hematopoiesis
17
Q
___ increase the production of hematopoiesis.
A
Cytokines
18
Q
The ___ stem cell creates RBC’s, Neutrophils or Leukocytes.
A
pluripotent
19
Q
In hyper-eosinophils-syndrome, interleukin ___ is inhibited for treatment.
A
5
20
Q
The shape of the RBCs is Bi ___Disk. Reverse deformity.
A
Concave
21
Q
Mature RBCs lack a ___, no means of self-repairing and mitochondria, they do not metabolize oxygen.
A
Nucleus
22
Q
___ x10⁶ RBCs are the normal range.
A
4-6
23
Q
RBCs contain ___ million hemoglobin (HgB) molecules.
A
280
24
Q
Each HgB molecule contains ___ heme, it contains iron and one oxygen molecules.
A
4
25
Each HgB ____ contains 4 polypeptide chains.
globin
26
\_\_\_ x10⁶ RBCs/mm³ are created in erythropoiesis.
4-6
27
Hypoxemia stimulates ___ in red-marrow speeds up maturation and release of RBCs.
erythropoietin
28
\_\_\_ count measures the rate of erythropoiesis (immature RBCs)
Reticulocyte
29
In RBC maturation, the cells ___ in size.
decrease
30
The ____ count is the percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs.
hematocrit
31
Women tend to average ____ % Hct because they tend to lose blood.
45
32
* Excess RBCs.
* Viscosity increases
* Two types
**Polycythemia**
33
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia**
* “is the problem”
* May increase all formed elements.
* May require bloodletting.
**Primary Polycythemia**
34
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia**
* “something else”.
* sleep apnea
* Any other cause of hypoxemia.
* Dehydration. Smokin
**Secondary Polycythemia**
35
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia**
* Dehydration
* Relative to blood volume
**Relative Polycythemia**
36
* RBCs [L] or HgB [L].
* Classified by
* RBC size
* Hemoglobin content
Anemia
37
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Too big
* Not developed right
* Immature,
Macrocytic Anemia
38
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Not enough RBCs (Aplastic)
* or hemorrhaging.
Normocytic Anemia
39
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Not full of hemoglobin
* Problem with HgB synthesis
Microcytic Anemia
40
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Color is too not red.
Hypochromic Anemia
41
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Color is too red.
Hyperchromic Anemia
42
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Caused by Bleeding.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
43
\_\_\_ ___ Anemia
* Unable to produce hemoglobin
* lack of iron
Iron Deficient Anemia
44
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Lack of B12 absorption in the GI tract.
Pernicious Anemia
45
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Red cell lysis.
Hemolytic Anemia
46
\_\_\_ Anemia
* Lack of cell production in the bone marrow.
Aplastic Anemia
47
Leukocytes (WBCs) ___ x10³ range.
5-10
48
WBCs are larger than RBCs, include ___ but lack Hgb.
nuclei
49
Granulocyte WBCs stains granules, they include \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_.
eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.
50
Agranulocytes WBCs lack granule stain, they include ___ and \_\_\_.
monocytes, lymphocytes
51
\_\_\_\_ disease;
* WBC count \> 10.0x10³
* Normal psychological response to disease.
* Pneumonia.
* Appendicitis,
* Abscess.
* Leukemia.
Leukocytosis
52
\_\_\_\_ disease;
* WBC count \> 25-400x10³.
* Abnormal.
* Bone marrow production increase.
Leukemia
53
\_\_\_\_ disease;
* WBC count \< 10.0x10³.
* Never a normal response.
* Aids.
* Chemotherapy.
* Bone marrow failure.
Leukopenia
54
A WBC ___ uses a percentage of WBCs in the blood to diagnose disease.
diff
55
In the WBC diff:
\_\_\_\_ [H].
* Bacterial infections.
* Treat with **Antibiotics**.
**Granulocytes**
56
In the WBC diff:
\_\_\_\_ [H].
* Viral infections.
* Treat with **Antivirals**.
Lymphocytes
57
Mnemonics for Granulocytes:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Burritos.
70%, 20%, 5%, 4%, 1%.
58
WBC diff
* ___ [70%].
* Granular cytoplasm.
* Phagocytes.
* Prominent in acute **inflammation** and bacterial inflammation.
Neutrophils
59
WBC diff
* [2-4%].
* Large red granules.
* Prominent in **allergic** response and parasite infections.
Eosinophils
60
WBC diff
* [0-1%].
* Large blue to black.
* **Chronic inflammation** responses.
Basophils
61
WBC diff
* [20-25%].
* Participate in **acquired cellular immunity**.
* Major role in viral infections
* Cancer preventions.
Lymphocytes
62
WBC diff
* [2-8%].
* **Chronic inflammation** and infections.
* Enlarge and mature into **macrophages** in various tissues of the body.
Monocytes
63
The cytoplasmic fragments \_\_\_, of megakaryocytes from leaving the bone marrow.
Help form platelet plug.
Platelets
64
The ___ process by which bleeding is stopped.
Three mechanisms, vascular spasm, platelet formation, and coagulation.
Hemostasis
65
In hemostasis, ___ \_\_\_ involuntary contracts to try to stop bleeding.
vascular spam
66
In hemostasis, ___ \_\_\_ causes PLTs to stick, forming a clog to stop bleeding.
platelet plug
67
In hemostasis, ___ forms fibrin strands that stabilizes the PLT-plug.
coagulation
68
The ___ is a series of enzymatic reactions designed to activate specific coagulation proteins.
Coagulation
69
The ___ \_\_\_ are meshes that holds blood clots together.
Fibrin threads
70
The ___ pathway activation involves either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway merges at the common pathway.
Clotting Pathway Activation
71
The common pathway begins with the formation of the enzyme \_\_\_, it converts prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombinase
72
The ___ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
thrombin
73
\_\_\_ forms clots and strengthens the PLT-plug.
Fibrin
74
A ___ is a stationary blood clot.
Thrombus
75
A ____ is a circulating particle (clot) that may abstract a blood vessel. Fat, air, cholesterol, plaque
Embolus
76
A ___ is a mobile clot that is dislodged from its primary site and travels to another site.
Thromboembolus
77
The ___ system also called the “unclot” system. Plasminogen to plasmin.
Fibrinolytic System
78
The ___ is the potent proteolytic enzyme in the fibrinolytic system, responsible for plasminogen conversion.
## Footnote
**Dissolves clots by digesting fibrin.**
Plasmin
79
The ___ are chemicals that stop or slow the clotting process.
Anticoagulants
80
The anticoagulant ___ inactivates thrombin and factor X.
Heparin
81
The anticoagulant ___ interferes with the synthesis of clotting proteins.
Warfarin
82
The anticoagulant ___ binds to calcium.
Sodium Citrate
83
The ___ chemicals breakdown clots already formed. Tissue-Plasminogen activator (TPA).
Thrombolytics
84
The ___ RBCs is a cell surface protein that is a target for an immune response.
Antigen
85
The Plasma ___ is a protein that attacks cell protein targets for immune response.
Antibody
86
ABO-blood groups determined by ___ antigens on the red cell surface.
AB
87
ABO-blood groups ___ -gene codes for the A-Antigen.
A
88
ABO-blood groups \_\_\_-gene codes for the B-Antigen.
B
89
ABO-blood groups \_\_\_-gene codes for the lack of A/B-antigens.
O
90
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-B antibodies.
A-Type
91
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-A antibodies.
B-Type
92
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.
O-Type
93
\_\_\_ Type makes neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.
AB-Type
94
\_\_\_ \_\_\_, A person with blood type-AB.
Universal Recipient
95
\_\_\_ \_\_\_, A persons with blood type-O.
Universal Donor
96
\_\_\_ factor, the determinant of positive or negative blood, referred to as “D”.
Rh Factor
97
A blood problem in the newborn when a baby's RBCs break down at a fast rate. Rh factor involved.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) —
98
In HDN, typically father and son are \_\_\_, while the mother is Rh-.
Rh +
99
In HDN, the mother makes ____ antibodies which attack the fetus.
Anti-Rh Antibodies
100
\_\_\_ tricks mother immune system into thinking it does not need to make its own anti-Rh antibodies.
Rhogam
101
The ___ system consisting of lymphatic vessels through which clear fluid (lymph) passes.
Lymphatic System
102
The lymphatic system drains ___ fluid in-between cells into lymph vessels.
Interstitial
103
The lymphatic system transports ___ absorbed from the GI-tract into the blood.
Fat
104
* Extracellular fluids.
* Filtered through capillaries wall to form interstitial fluid.
Plasma
105
* Clear fluid.
* Resorbed back into the blood.
Interstitial fluid
106
Unaltered interstitial fluid in the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic fluid
107
The left-side of the body drains by the ___ \_\_\_.
thoracic duct
108
The right-side is drained by the ____ `.
right lymphatic duct
109
\_\_\_ Lymphatic Organs — Location where stem cells divide to produce immune cells. Bone marrow and thymus.
Primary
110
\_\_\_ Lymphatic Organs — Locations of cell maturation and immune activation responses. Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue (tonsils, MALT).
Secondary
111
\_\_\_\_ organ = T-Cells
Thymus
112
— Like lymph node but for blood.
Spleen
113
\_\_\_\_ — They serve as filters for lymph fluid. Foreign objects trapped and destroyed. Groups of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
114
Lymph fluid enters through the ___ vessels, exits efferent.
afferent
115
— First line of defense. Non-Specific. Non-Adaptive. Barriers. Skin. Mucous. Microbiota. Inflammation. Phagocytes. Fever.
Innate Immunity
116
— Specific. Adaptive. Barriers. T-Cell. B-Cell. Plasma-Cell. Antibodies. Enzymes.
Adaptive Immunity
117
— The innate immunities defense “keeps it out”. Includes: Skin. Mucous membranes. Lacrimation. Salvation. Urine flow. Vaginal secretions. Defecation. Vomiting.
First Line
118
— The innate immunities defense “get it out”. Internal. Includes: Antimicrobials. Complement System. Iron-Binding Proteins. Interferon. Phagocytes. NK-Cells.
Second Line
119
— Abnormal high body temperature. Reseting of hypothalamic thermostat. Non-specific response. Speeds up body reactions. Increases effects of endogenous antimicrobials. Sequesters nutrients from microbes.
Fever
120
Inflammation — ____ response.
Non-specific
121
Inflammation. Non-specific response. Has local signs. ___ \_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_.
Redness, pain, heat, swelling. Possible loss of function.
122
In inflammation, ___ cause heat. This helps vasodilation.
pyrogens
123
Chemotaxis
124
Phagocytosis
125
Emigration
126
Vasodilation
127
The complement system is ___ line of defense. System of proteins that help destroy something.
second
128
The ___ complement proteins recognize.
C1-4
129
The ___ complement proteins promotes inflammation.
C3a
130
The ___ complement proteins coats surface of the cell, encourages phagocytosis.
C3b
131
The ___ complement proteins attack the membrane through complex MAC.
C5-9
132
The antigen ____ covers complement components on microbes, enhances phagocytosis.
opsonization
133
The adaptive immunity is ___ driven. A third line of defense.
lymphocyte
134
A substance is ___ if it is: foreign or seen as foreign, organic, structurally complex, large enough.
antigenic
135
An antigens ___ can have multiple sites that will induce an immune response.
epitope
136
In adaptive immunity, \_\_\_\_: produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus. T helper (CD4+) cells cells help with immune response. T cytotoxic (CD8+) kills cells. T regulator cells. Memory t helper cells.
t lymphocytes
137
In adaptive immunity, \_\_\_: produce and mature in bone marrow. Activated to become plasma cells, produce antibodies.
B lymphocytes
138
In ____ mediated immunity (adaptive), t cytotoxic lymphocytes: detect and destroy abnormal cells. Virally-infected cells, cancer cells, cells infect by intercellular bacterial.
cell
139
In ____ mediated immunity also called humoral (adaptive), b lymphocytes become activated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
antibody
140
A ___ complex is a group of genes that code for a group of transmembrane proteins, on the surface of all nucleated cells.
MHC
141
The ___ / ____ molecules classes are important for antigen processing and presentation.
MHC I / MHC II
142
The ___ molecules present on all body cells, except RBCs.
MHC I
143
The ___ molecules present on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). APCs have a primary responsibility to present antigen to other components of the immune system. APCs are usually phagocytes, but B-Cells can be APCs.
MHC II
144
\_\_\_ antigen — antigen from outside, able to be processed by immune system.
Exogenous
145
In ___ \_\_\_ activation, activated by directed recognition of antigen.
b-cell
146
Antibodies ___ antigens, restricting virus binding to receptors. Toxin neutralization.
neutralize
147
\_\_\_ antibodies show up at the second response, live longest, about 80% of total antibody, cross placenta.
IgG
148
\_\_\_ antibodies, primary responders, short lived, first to be secreted by plasma antibodies.
IgM
149
\_\_\_\_ antibodies most numbers in body secretions, dimmer four antigen binding sites.
IgA
150
\_\_\_\_ antibodies involved in allergic reactions, monomer, trigger mast cells.
IgE
151
\_\_\_ immunity — immunity not gained through modern medicine.
Natural
152
\_\_\_ immunity — immunity gained through artificial means.
Artificial
153
\_\_\_ immunity — the body responds to a pathogen (antigen) to make antibodies (long-term immunity).
Active
154
\_\_\_ Immunity — the body simply receives antibodies with no effort of its own (short-term immunity).
Passive
155
Active immunity is \_\_\_, passive immunity is short-term.
long-term,
156
- ability to recognize ones own cellular markers.
Self recognition
157
— the immune system must leave self antigens alone.
Self tolerance
158
IgG
159
IgM
