M3 Flashcards

Question

What are the **challenges** faced by **Wolverines** in reproduction?

Answer 1

* Solitary lifestyle * Harsh environment * Difficulty finding mates ## Footnote These factors contribute to low-density populations.

Answer 2

Breeding migration ## Footnote They are continuously fertile, ready to reproduce as soon as a mate is found.

Answer 3

High maternal investment ## Footnote Pregnancy and childcare are energetically costly, and many blastocysts do not reach full term.

Answer 4

Maintains pregnancy viability ## Footnote It signals the mother’s body to continue the pregnancy and is detected in pregnancy tests.

Answer 5

TRUE ## Footnote It overpowers the mother’s luteinizing hormone (LH) to signal the continuation of pregnancy.

Answer 6

Dispose of metabolic wastes and control body fluid composition ## Footnote They are central to homeostasis.

Answer 7

Extraction of water and small solutes from body fluid ## Footnote Cells and proteins remain in the body fluid while water and small solutes form the filtrate.

Answer 8

Recovery of useful molecules and water from the filtrate ## Footnote It occurs through active transport.

Answer 9

* Protonephridia * Metanephridia ## Footnote These systems vary widely among animal groups but share a common tubular design.

Answer 10

Network of tubules lacking internal openings ## Footnote Found in flatworms and some other invertebrates.

Answer 11

Remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation ## Footnote They empty into the digestive tract and do not involve a filtration step.

Answer 12

Kidney ## Footnote It consists of numerous organized tubules associated with capillaries.

Answer 13

* Water * Salts * Glucose * Amino acids * Vitamins * Nitrogenous wastes ## Footnote Large molecules like blood cells and plasma proteins remain in the blood.

Answer 14

99% ## Footnote Only about 1.5L of urine remains after reabsorption.

Answer 15

Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients ## Footnote It helps balance acidity by secreting ammonia.

Answer 16

Water reabsorption ## Footnote This limb is permeable to water but not to salt.

Answer 17

Salt reabsorption ## Footnote It is impermeable to water and has ion channels for NaCl.

Answer 18

Regulates pH and NaCl concentration ## Footnote It adjusts the balance of NaCl and contributes to pH regulation.

Answer 19

Hormonal control ## Footnote It regulates permeability to water and solutes.

Answer 20

Blood: 300 mOsm/L; Urine: up to 1200 mOsm/L ## Footnote This demonstrates the kidney's ability to conserve water.

Answer 21

Increases urine volume ## Footnote It blocks salt transport in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.

Answer 22

Can concentrate urine up to 25x their blood osmolarity ## Footnote This adaptation is crucial for survival in dry conditions.

Answer 23

Osmoregulation and waste excretion ## Footnote The kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and removing waste products.

Answer 24

ASCENDING limb of the Loop of Henle ## Footnote Active transport is essential for solute reabsorption and maintaining osmotic gradients.

Answer 25

Blocks salt transport in the ASCENDING limb of the Loop of Henle ## Footnote This disrupts the medullary osmolarity gradient, leading to increased urine volume.

Answer 26

* Variations in nephron structure * Function adaptations for different environments ## Footnote These adaptations allow vertebrates to thrive in diverse habitats.

Answer 27

Juxtamedullary Nephrons ## Footnote These nephrons allow mammals to concentrate urine and conserve water.

Answer 28

Long Loops of Henle ## Footnote These loops maintain a steep osmotic gradient, resulting in very concentrated urine.

Answer 29

Short Loop of Henle ## Footnote This limits their ability to concentrate urine, suitable for freshwater environments.

Answer 30

Intermediate Length Loops of Henle ## Footnote This allows for a balance between water conservation and waste excretion.

Answer 31

Feeds on the blood of large mammals & birds ## Footnote It makes incisions in the prey's skin and uses anticoagulants to prevent clotting.

Answer 32

Up to 24% of body mass per hour ## Footnote This helps the bat lose weight to regain the ability to fly.

Answer 33

High protein diet produces urea ## Footnote This requires the bat's kidneys to produce highly concentrated urine to conserve water.

Answer 34

Uric acid ## Footnote Uric acid can be excreted as a paste, reducing urine volume.

Answer 35

Cortical nephrons ## Footnote These produce isoosmotic or hypoosmotic urine compared to body fluids.

Answer 36

Excrete large volumes of dilute urine ## Footnote This helps them get rid of excess water due to their hyperosmotic condition.

Answer 37

Excrete divalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-) ## Footnote They do this by secreting them into the proximal tubules and excreting them in urine.

Answer 38

Promotes glucose uptake by cells and glycogen synthesis ## Footnote Insulin is secreted after meals to lower blood glucose levels.

Answer 39

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells ## Footnote This leads to a complete stop in insulin production.

Answer 40

* Polyuria * High blood glucose * Inability to take up glucose ## Footnote These symptoms arise due to insufficient insulin signaling.

Answer 41

Ghrelin ## Footnote It signals hunger before meals.

Answer 42

Regulating hunger and fullness ## Footnote It responds to hormone signals to control appetite.

Answer 43

Lower O2 levels and higher viscosity ## Footnote Aquatic animals have adaptations to maximize O2 uptake.

Answer 44

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture ## Footnote It drives the diffusion of gases during gas exchange.

Answer 45

Water and blood flow in opposite directions ## Footnote This maximizes O2 absorption by maintaining a partial pressure gradient.

Answer 46

They would lose too much water by evaporation ## Footnote Gills collapse without water support, reducing gas exchange efficiency.

Answer 47

Brings oxygen directly to cells ## Footnote It consists of air tubes that branch throughout the insect's body.

Answer 48

Tracheal system ## Footnote It consists of air tubes that branch throughout the body, bringing oxygen directly to cells.

Answer 49

Tracheae ## Footnote These tubes open to the outside and branch into smaller tubes.

Answer 50

Rely on diffusion alone ## Footnote This method is sufficient for their oxygen requirements.

Answer 51

Body movements ## Footnote Rhythmic movements push air through the tubes, functioning like a bellows.

Answer 52

10-200 ## Footnote Their flight muscles pump air faster through the tracheal system.

Answer 53

Localized respiratory organs ## Footnote They do not branch throughout the body like insect tracheal systems.

Answer 54

Gas exchange ## Footnote Tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Answer 55

Mucus lines the airways ## Footnote It traps dust, pollen, and debris, and cilia move mucus upward to the pharynx.

Answer 56

Surfactant ## Footnote It reduces surface tension and is made of water, phospholipid, and proteins.

Answer 57

Positive pressure breathing ## Footnote Air is forced into the lungs.

Answer 58

One-way airflow ## Footnote Air passes over gas exchange surfaces in only one direction.

Answer 59

Negative pressure breathing ## Footnote They pull air into their lungs rather than pushing it.

Answer 60

Contracts and moves downward ## Footnote This increases lung volume and lowers pressure inside.

Answer 61

~500mL ## Footnote This is the normal breath volume.

Answer 62

Becomes more acidic ## Footnote Increased CO2 levels lower pH, prompting the medulla to increase breathing rate.

Answer 63

Oxygen carrier ## Footnote It binds and carries oxygen efficiently in red blood cells.

Answer 64

More CO2 lowers pH, causing Hb to release more O2 ## Footnote This mechanism ensures active tissues receive more oxygen when needed.

Answer 65

* Efficient swimming * Lower heart rate * Selective blood flow * Switching energy courses ## Footnote They adapt their physiology to minimize oxygen consumption during dives.

Answer 66

Agents that can cause disease ## Footnote Examples include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and parasitic worms.

Answer 67

Nonspecific external protection ## Footnote It prevents pathogens from entering the body, such as skin and mucous membranes.

Answer 68

Breaching of the first line of defense ## Footnote It involves mast cells releasing histamine to increase blood flow and white blood cell activity.

Answer 69

Something the body recognizes as non-self ## Footnote It is part of the pathogen that triggers an adaptive immune response.

Answer 70

* Cell-mediated * Humoral ## Footnote These responses target specific pathogens.

Answer 71

A specific response to an antigen ## Footnote An antigen is something the body recognizes as non-self and is part of the pathogen.

Answer 72

* Cell-mediated * Humoral ## Footnote These responses are activated when the first and second lines of defense are insufficient.

Answer 73

Cytotoxic T cells ## Footnote These cells destroy infected cells by causing them to undergo apoptosis.

Answer 74

Perforin ## Footnote Perforin creates holes in the infected cell’s membrane, leading to its destruction.

Answer 75

By binding to infected cells presenting antigens ## Footnote Macrophages can also activate T-helper cells, which further stimulate cytotoxic T cells.

Answer 76

Antibodies ## Footnote Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens.

Answer 77

* Antigen: Something foreign recognized by the immune system * Antibiotics: Substances that destroy bacteria * Antibodies: Proteins that bind to specific antigens ## Footnote Antibodies can deactivate pathogens and signal macrophages.

Answer 78

* Memory B cells * Memory T cells ## Footnote These cells remember antigens and enable a faster immune response upon future exposure.

Answer 79

To trigger an immune response without causing disease ## Footnote Vaccines create memory immune cells for future protection against actual pathogens.

Answer 80

* Sexual Reproduction * Asexual Reproduction ## Footnote Sexual reproduction involves two parents, while asexual reproduction involves one parent.

Answer 81

Gametes have ½ the usual amount of genetic information ## Footnote The female's gamete is the egg, and the male's is the sperm.

Answer 82

An animal splits into 2 roughly equal-sized individuals ## Footnote Example: Sea anemones.

Answer 83

A parent produces an outgrowth that separates to become a new individual ## Footnote Example: Stony corals.

Answer 84

An individual breaks into smaller pieces, each regenerating into a new individual ## Footnote Example: Some annelid worms and sponges.

Answer 85

An egg develops into an offspring without fertilization ## Footnote Example: Some invertebrates like bees and some vertebrates like the Komodo dragon.

Answer 86

An individual has both male and female reproductive systems ## Footnote This is beneficial for animals that may not easily encounter a mate.

Answer 87

Some animals can change their sex during their lifetime ## Footnote Example: Bluehead wrasses can change from female to male.

Answer 88

They control reproductive activity linked to environmental cues ## Footnote Hormones influence cycles based on factors like day length and temperature.

Answer 89

The female releases eggs into the environment for fertilization by the male ## Footnote This usually requires a moist habitat.

Answer 90

Sperm are deposited in or near the female’s reproductive tract ## Footnote This is an adaptation for dry environments.

Answer 91

* Menstrual cycle: Shedding of the endometrium if no pregnancy occurs * Estrous cycle: Endometrium is reabsorbed, with females only receptive during estrus ## Footnote Humans have menstrual cycles, while other mammals have estrous cycles.

Answer 92

Shedding of the uterine lining ## Footnote This occurs if no pregnancy happens.

Answer 93

Starts with GnRH release, stimulating follicle growth ## Footnote This phase leads to ovulation.

Answer 94

Maintains the uterine lining ## Footnote Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation.

Answer 95

Sperm formation in males ## Footnote Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Answer 96

Egg formation in females ## Footnote Only one product of meiosis becomes a mature egg.

Answer 97

estradiol (estrogen) ## Footnote Estradiol stimulates the endometrium to thicken and rebuild itself.

Answer 98

* Thickens * Rebuilds itself * Blood vessels grow back ## Footnote This phase continues until ovulation around day 14.

Answer 99

* Makes the endometrium thicker * More nourishing ## Footnote It prepares the uterus to support an embryo if implantation occurs.

Answer 100

* Embryo implants in the thickened endometrium * Releases hCG to maintain progesterone production ## Footnote This prevents menstruation.

Answer 101

* Corpus luteum breaks down * Progesterone & estradiol levels drop * Endometrium starts breaking down ## Footnote This leads to menstruation.

Answer 102

The fusion of a sperm with a mature egg in the oviduct ## Footnote This process forms a zygote.

Answer 103

~38 weeks ## Footnote It is divided into 3 trimesters.

Answer 104

Organogenesis ## Footnote Major body organs develop during this time.

Answer 105

The placenta ## Footnote It plays a crucial role during pregnancy.

Answer 106

* Cervical dilation * Expulsion of the baby * Delivery of the placenta ## Footnote Hormones like oxytocin regulate uterine contractions during labor.

Answer 107

Hormones like prolactin and oxytocin ## Footnote This occurs in response to the baby suckling.

Answer 108

Deliberate prevention of pregnancy ## Footnote Methods include abstinence, barrier methods, hormonal methods, IUDs, and sterilization.

Answer 109

Termination of a pregnancy ## Footnote It can occur spontaneously (miscarriage) or be induced.

Answer 110

* Ultrasound imaging * Amniocentesis * Chorionic villus sampling * Analysis of fetal DNA in the mother’s blood ## Footnote These technologies help monitor fetal health.

Answer 111

Combining eggs and sperm in a lab and implanting fertilized eggs in the uterus ## Footnote It is a treatment for infertility.

M3 Flashcards

(135 cards)