Macro Molecules

Question 1

What are the most common elements in living things?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

These four elements constitute about 95% of body weight.

Question 2

What are the two broad categories of compounds?

Answer 2

Organic and inorganic compounds

Question 3

What primarily composes organic compounds?

Answer 3

Carbon

Question 4

How many outer electrons does carbon have?

Answer 4

Four

Question 5

What types of bonds can carbon form?

Answer 5

Single, double, triple, and quadruple bonds

Question 6

What is the limitation of hydrogen in bonding?

Answer 6

Can only form single bonds

Question 7

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 7

A large organic molecule formed from smaller organic molecules, also known as monomers

Question 8

Name the four classes of macromolecules.

Answer 8

• Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
• Triglycerides (lipids)
• Polypeptides (proteins)
• Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Question 9

What elements make up carbohydrates and lipids?

Answer 9

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

Question 10

What elements are proteins made of?

Answer 10

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)

Question 11

What elements do nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain?

Answer 11

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHON P)

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The body needs trace amounts of other elements such as _______ for proper functioning.

Answer 12

Calcium, potassium, and sulfur

Question 13

What is the role of calcium, potassium, and sulfur in the body?

Answer 13

Proper functioning of muscles, nerves, etc.

Question 14

True or False: All organic compounds contain nitrogen.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Name the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism

Answer 15

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Question 16

Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form

Answer 16

Single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, and quadruple bonds

Question 17

What are macromolecules?

Answer 17

A macromolecule is a very large organic molecule made up of many smaller, organic molecules

Question 18

Name the 4 classes of macromolecules

Answer 18

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 19

Give 2 examples of nucleic acids

Answer 19

DNA and RNA

Question 20

What elements make up carbohydrates & lipids (symbols)?

Answer 20

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) (CHO)

Question 21

Name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning

Answer 21

Calcium, potassium, and sulfur

Question 22

What are the four main classes of organic compounds essential to living things?

Answer 22

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 23

What are polymers or macromolecules?

Answer 23

The four main classes of organic compounds essential to the proper functioning of all living things; made of many monomers

Question 24

What elements primarily compose organic compounds?

Answer 24

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Question 25

What is the primary use of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 25

Energy and structural support

Question 26

In which structures are carbohydrates used for structural support?

Answer 26

Cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans

Question 27

What are the four main classes of organic compounds essential for living things?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ## Footnote These compounds are also known as polymers or macromolecules.

Question 28

What elements primarily make up organic compounds?

Answer 28

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ## Footnote These elements are present in different ratios, giving each compound unique properties.

Question 29

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 29

Energy and structural support ## Footnote They provide structural support in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

Question 30

What are the smaller subunits that make up carbohydrates?

Answer 30

Monosaccharides ## Footnote These are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

Question 31

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in monosaccharides?

Answer 31

1:2:1 ## Footnote This specific ratio is characteristic of simple sugars.

Question 32

Name three examples of monosaccharides.

Answer 32

* Glucose * Galactose * Fructose ## Footnote These simple sugars have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.

Question 33

What are disaccharides?

Answer 33

Double sugars ## Footnote An example includes sucrose.

Question 34

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 34

Long chains of monosaccharides ## Footnote Examples include cellulose, chitin, and glycogen.

Question 35

True or False: Monosaccharides have different structural formulas despite having the same chemical formula.

Answer 35

True ## Footnote This is true for glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Question 36

Macromolecules are also known as

Answer 36

polymers

Question 37

If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements CHO, how are they different?

Answer 37

They are different because each macromolecule has different ratios of each element.

Question 38

Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates.

Answer 38

* Energy * Structural support

Question 39

What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates?

Answer 39

They subunits are called monosaccharides.

Question 40

What is the ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides?

Answer 40

The ratio is 1:2:1.

Question 41

Name 3 monosaccharides.

Answer 41

* Glucose * Galactose * Fructose

Question 42

Monosaccharides are _______ sugars.

Answer 42

simple

Question 43

What are disaccharides & give an example?

Answer 43

A type of carbohydrate made from two monosaccharides bonded together

Question 44

Long chains of sugars are _______

Answer 44

polysaccharides

Question 45

Name three polysaccharides.

Answer 45

* Cellulose * Chitin * Glycogen

Question 46

Proteins are made of subunits called _______.

Answer 46

amino acids

Question 47

What are two functions of proteins in organisms?

Answer 47

* Build cells * Control metabolic reactions

Question 48

Amino acids contain two functional groups, what are they?

Answer 48

* Carboxyl group (-COOH) * Amino group (-NH2)

Question 49

What forms peptide bonds?

Answer 49

Peptide bonds form when water is removed to hold amino acids together. ## Footnote This is a key process in protein synthesis.

Question 50

What are lipids?

Answer 50

Lipids are large, nonpolar molecules that won't dissolve in water. ## Footnote They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Question 51

What makes up cell membranes?

Answer 51

Phospholipids make up cell membranes. ## Footnote They consist of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Question 52

What additional roles do lipids serve?

Answer 52

* Waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants * Pigments (chlorophyll) * Steroids ## Footnote These functions highlight the diversity of lipid roles in biology.

Question 53

What is the composition of lipids in terms of atoms?

Answer 53

Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. ## Footnote This characteristic contributes to their nonpolar nature.

Question 54

What is a triglyceride made of?

Answer 54

A triglyceride is made of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains. ## Footnote Triglycerides are the main form of stored fat in animals.

Question 55

What are the types of fatty acid chains?

Answer 55

* Saturated (only single bonds between carbons) * Unsaturated (contain at least one double bond) ## Footnote The type of fatty acid affects the physical properties of fats.

Question 56

Where is the carboxyl functional group found on a fatty acid?

Answer 56

The carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol. ## Footnote This group is essential for the classification of fatty acids.

Question 57

True or False: Lipids are polar molecules.

Answer 57

False ## Footnote Lipids are characterized as nonpolar, meaning they do not dissolve in water.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: Lipids serve as _______ coverings on plants.

Answer 58

waxy ## Footnote The cuticle is a waxy layer that helps prevent water loss in plants.

Question 59

What do nucleic acids carry?

Answer 59

DNA or genetic information in a molecule called acid.

Question 60

What does DNA contain instructions for?

Answer 60

Making a cell's proteins.

Question 61

What is the role of RNA in relation to DNA?

Answer 61

RNA copies DNA so proteins can be made.

Question 62

What are nucleotides?

Answer 62

The monomers making up nucleic acid.

Question 63

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 63

* A 5 carbon sugar * A phosphate * A nitrogen base

Question 64

What is ATP?

Answer 64

A high energy molecule made from a nucleotide with three phosphates.

Question 65

What are the four types of Macromolecules?

Answer 65

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids ## Footnote These are the primary macromolecules that make up biological systems.

Question 66

What is the main subunit (monomer) of Carbohydrates?

Answer 66

Glucose ## Footnote Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source.

Question 67

What is the main subunit (monomer) of Lipids?

Answer 67

Fatty Acids / Glycerol ## Footnote Fatty acids and glycerol are key components of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Question 68

What is the main subunit (monomer) of Proteins?

Answer 68

Amino Acids ## Footnote Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, linked by peptide bonds.

Question 69

What is the main subunit (monomer) of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 69

Nucleotide ## Footnote Nucleotides make up the structure of DNA and RNA.

Question 70

What process is being shown by water being given off from each bond site?

Answer 70

Dehydration Synthesis / Condensation Reaction ## Footnote This process involves the removal of water to form covalent bonds between monomers.