Macroevolution

Question 1

aristotle

Answer 1

principle of continuity
gradual increase in perfection
ontogeny resembled hierarchy
linear hierarchy of the souls

“scala naturae”

Question 2

epigenesis

Answer 2

organismal development as the successive differentiation (addition) of structures.

Question 3

Law of terminal addition of organismal development (Mecke-serres)

Answer 3

increasing complexity, adding new parts at the end of an existing ontogeny

structures develop from simple to more complex form

lower organism found within ontogeny of higher organism

Question 4

Lamarck

Answer 4

two part process:
1. complexifying force drinving organisms
2. process of use and disuse (environmental force)

Question 5

Laws of Individual Development (Von Baer)

Answer 5

1. common features of a more inclusive group of animals develop earlier in the embryo than spetial features (link with phenotypic stage)
2. from most general characteristics of form develop the less general characteristics until finally the most specialized features make their appearance
3. each embryo of a given animal form, instead of passing through the definite forms of other animals, deviates from the latter
4. an embryo of a higher animal form never corresponds to another animal form, but only to the latter’s embryos

Question 6

Three-fold parallelism (1833)

Answer 6

embryology, phylogeny, fossil record

they all kinda matched

Question 7

Darwin (1809-1882)

Answer 7

the raw material for progress is random variation

extinction is a common feature in natural history

there is competition for scarce natural resources

the variation is not in any way induces, but RANDOM, at least in the sense that all directions of variation are equally likely

Question 8

heterochrony

Answer 8

embryology can perhaps fast forward or skip , or maybe delete certain parts, so that we don’t see it, kinda like hidden data

Question 9

Haeckel

Answer 9

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

development stages recapitulate adult evolutionary stages

here you can sort of truncate parts of development

Question 10

Microevolution vs macro evolution

Answer 10

Micro = population level
Macro = species and higher taxonomic levels (where gene flow stops, separate species)

Question 11

microevolution

Answer 11

relatively small scale change within a species

constant source of genetic mutations drives phenotypic variation

overabundance of offspring drives “survival of the fittest”

descent with modification

Question 12

macroevolution

Answer 12

occurs at phenomental temporal and spatial scales and explores the limits of biology and constrains