Section one random (Hendry)

Question 1

How do populations colonize new peaks?

Answer 1

1. high variance
   2 macro mutations
2. spatial or temporal variation in selection
3. genetic drift (shifting balance theory)

Question 2

types of reproductive isolation (RI)

Answer 2

1. Pre-zygotic
   habitat choice
   selection against migrants
   mating isolation
2. Post zygotic
   intrinsic genetic incompabilities
   ecologically-dependent post zygotic isolation

Question 3

ecological speciation (ES) )divergent selection

Answer 3

1. disruptive selection driving adaptive divergence
2. reproductive isolation (RI) evolving as a consequence

how to detect ES:
1. Mate choice experiments
(done with benthic and limnetic stickle back)
2. ecologicaly-dependent selection against migrants (reciprocal translplant experiment)
3. ecologically-depenedent selection against hybrids
4. measure gene flow among populations in the same and dfferent selective environments

Question 4

mechanisms for speciation(7)

Answer 4

1. uniform selection
2. genetic drift
3. polyploidy
4. hybridization
5. divergent selection (ecological speciation)
6. sexual selection
7. cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)

Question 5

Sexual selection

Answer 5

ex: closely related insect species sometimes differ only in the shape of male genetalis
hybridization attempts will fail
or there may be coevolution of male genetalia and female responses to stimulation

Question 6

Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI)

Answer 6

the ex of wolbachia (intracellular parasite)
only transmitted by female ovum (cytoplasm comes from mother)

the parasites manipulates something in. the male sperm so that it will only produce kids if it mates with femaile also paracitized

Question 7

continent-island model

Answer 7

1. first random mating on the island
2. selection takes place on the island
3. migration takes place from the continent

ex: lake erie water snakes banded vs un-banded

Question 8

quantitative genetic model takeaways

Answer 8

• gene flow even when low can have substantial effects on adaptive divergence
• some divergence is possible even whith high gene flow

Question 9

gene flow and adaptive divergence

Answer 9

High gene flow = lower adaptive divergence

however! gene flow can help adaptation!

Question 10

difference between males and females

Answer 10

1. females invest more energy in individual offspring than do males
2. females therefore produce fewer gametes than do males
3. female reproductive success is determined by numbers of egg/offspring than can produce /provision
4. male success is determines by the number of mates
5. males should fight with each other for access to females
6. females should be choosy , pick the best males

Question 11

female choice

Answer 11

1. direct benefits
2. good genes and sexy sons
3. sensory bias
4. (Fisher’s) runaway sexual selection

Question 12

methods for inferring adaptive divergence and fitness peaks on an adaptive landscape

Answer 12

1. phenotype/environment correlations (bears and salmon)
2. reciprocal transplant experiments
   (gilia capitata)
3. diveregent selection on specific traits (late and early salmon breeders)
4. experimental evolution (introductions)
5. phenotypic manipulations
6. parallel evolution

Question 13

Convergent evolution

Answer 13

the evolution of similar traits in similar environments from DIFFERENT ancestors

Question 14

Parallel evolution

Answer 14

the evolution of similar traits in similar environments from SIMILAR ancestors

Question 15

why might evolution be non-parallel?

Answer 15

due to non-adaptive, population-specific conditions

due to adaptive responses to quantitative environmental differences amond qualitatively similar habitats

Question 16

types of selection

Answer 16

directional
stabilizing
disruptive

Question 17

correlation between traits

Answer 17

1. phenotypic correlations
   solution: quantify DIRECT selection on each trait by including all traits in a multiple regression seeking to explain fitness
2. genetic correlations
   solution: measure not only additive genetic variances for traits but also additive genetic covariances between traits

Question 18

(NS) predictions, what might cause deviations from predictions?

Answer 18

1. Changing environments (plasticity)
2. Biased estimates of heritability
3. selection fluctuates in time or space
4. selection on correlated traits
5. selection on “environmental deviations”