EPSO Revisions > Main dates > Flashcards

Main dates Flashcards

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1
Q

What significant event occurred on 26 June 1945?

A

Signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco

This event marked the establishment of the United Nations.

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2
Q

On 9 September 1946, who delivered a speech in Zurich about the benefits of the United States of Europe?

A

Winston Churchill

Churchill advocated for European unity post-World War II.

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3
Q

What treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 in Brussels?

A

Treaty establishing the Western European Union

This treaty aimed to promote mutual defense and cooperation among Western European nations.

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4
Q

The North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO was signed on 4 April 1949 in which city?

A

Washington

NATO was created as a military alliance for collective defense.

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5
Q

What organization was established on 16 April 1949 in Paris?

A

Organisation for European Economic Cooperation

This organization aimed to aid European recovery after World War II.

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6
Q

On 5 May 1949, which treaty was signed in Strasbourg?

A

Treaty establishing the Council of Europe

The Council of Europe focuses on promoting democracy and human rights.

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7
Q

What declaration was made by Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950?

A

Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community

This was the first step towards establishing a European Federation.

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8
Q

The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was signed on 4 November 1950 in which city?

A

Rome

This convention established fundamental human rights protections in Europe.

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9
Q

What treaty was signed on 18 April 1951 in Paris?

A

Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Treaty)

The ECSC aimed to unify European countries economically and politically.

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10
Q

When did the ECSC Treaty enter into force?

A

23 July 1952

This marked the beginning of European integration in coal and steel industries.

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11
Q

What significant event took place on 25 March 1957 in Rome?

A

Signing of the Treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC Treaty)

These treaties laid the foundation for the modern European Union.

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12
Q

When did the Treaties of Rome enter into force?

A

1 January 1958

This marked the official start of the EEC.

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13
Q

What was established on 4 January 1960 in Stockholm?

A

European Free Trade Association

This organization aimed to promote free trade among its member states.

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14
Q

What treaty was signed on 8 April 1965?

A

Treaty establishing a single Council and single Commission of the European Communities (Merger Treaty)

This treaty aimed to streamline the operations of the European Communities.

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15
Q

When did the Merger Treaty enter into force?

A

1 July 1967

This treaty unified the executive bodies of the European Communities.

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16
Q

On 1 January 1973, which countries acceded to the European Communities?

A
  • Denmark
  • Ireland
  • United Kingdom

This marked the first enlargement of the European Communities.

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17
Q

What significant act was signed on 1 August 1975 in Helsinki?

A

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

This act aimed to improve relations between the Eastern and Western blocs.

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18
Q

What was established on 18 December 1978?

A

European Monetary System

This system aimed to stabilize exchange rates and prepare for the euro.

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19
Q

When was the first direct election of the European Parliament held?

A

7–10 June 1979

This marked a significant step towards democratic governance in the EU.

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20
Q

Which country acceded to the European Communities on 1 January 1981?

A

Greece

Greece’s accession marked another enlargement of the EU.

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21
Q

What occurred on 1 January 1985 regarding Greenland?

A

Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Economic Community

Greenland’s withdrawal was due to disagreements over fishing rights.

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22
Q

What agreement was signed on 14 June 1985?

A

Schengen Agreement

This agreement aimed to abolish common border controls among member states.

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23
Q

Which countries acceded to the European Communities on 1 January 1986?

A
  • Portugal
  • Spain

Their accession further expanded the EU.

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24
Q

What significant act began on 1 July 1987?

A

Inception of the Single European Act

This act aimed to create a single market within the EU.

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25
What event occurred on **3 October 1990**?
Accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic of Germany ## Footnote This marked the reunification of Germany and integration into the European Communities.
26
What treaty was signed on **7 February 1992**?
Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) ## Footnote This treaty laid the groundwork for the modern EU structure.
27
What agreement was signed on **2 May 1992** in Porto?
Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement) ## Footnote This agreement extended the single market to non-EU countries.
28
When did the **European single market** begin?
1 January 1993 ## Footnote This marked the removal of barriers to trade and movement within the EU.
29
When did the **Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty)** enter into force?
1 November 1993 ## Footnote This treaty established the EU and introduced the euro.
30
What significant event occurred on **1 January 1995**?
Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union ## Footnote This marked another enlargement of the EU.
31
What treaty entered into force on **1 March 1995**?
Schengen Convention ## Footnote This treaty allowed for passport-free travel among member states.
32
What was published on **16 July 1997**?
European Commission’s Agenda 2000 programme ## Footnote This programme aimed at enlarging the EU and reforming its policies.
33
What treaty was signed on **2 October 1997**?
Treaty of Amsterdam ## Footnote This treaty aimed to reform the EU institutions and enhance cooperation.
34
When did the **European Union enlargement process** start?
12 December 1997 ## Footnote This marked the beginning of the EU's expansion to include more member states.
35
What treaty entered into force on **1 October 1998**?
Europol Convention ## Footnote This treaty established police cooperation in the EU.
36
What currency was introduced on **1 January 1999**?
Single European currency, the ‘euro’ ## Footnote The euro was introduced as a common currency for EU member states.
37
What treaty entered into force on **24 March 2000**?
Lisbon strategy ## Footnote This strategy aimed for economic, social, and environmental renewal of the EU.
38
What significant document was solemnly proclaimed on **8 December 2000**?
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ## Footnote This charter outlines the fundamental rights protected within the EU.
39
What treaty was signed on **26 February 2001**?
Treaty of Nice ## Footnote This treaty aimed to reform the EU's institutional structure.
40
When were euro banknotes and coins introduced as a means of payment?
1 January 2002 ## Footnote This marked the physical introduction of the euro currency.
41
What was established on **28 February 2002**?
Eurojust ## Footnote Eurojust is the European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation.
42
What treaty entered into force on **1 February 2003**?
Treaty of Nice ## Footnote This treaty reformed the EU's decision-making processes.
43
Which countries acceded to the EU on **1 May 2004**?
* Czechia * Estonia * Cyprus * Latvia * Lithuania * Hungary * Malta * Poland * Slovenia * Slovakia ## Footnote This marked one of the largest enlargements of the EU.
44
What treaty was signed on **29 October 2004**?
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe ## Footnote This treaty aimed to create a constitution for the EU, but was later rejected.
45
What happened in **May/June 2005** regarding the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe?
Rejection in referenda in France and the Netherlands ## Footnote France voted 54.7% no and the Netherlands voted 61.7% no.
46
What significant event occurred on **1 January 2007**?
* Accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the EU * Introduction of the euro in Slovenia ## Footnote This marked further enlargement and integration of the EU.
47
What agency was established on **1 March 2007**?
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights ## Footnote This agency aims to promote and protect fundamental rights in the EU.
48
What proclamation was made on **12 December 2007**?
Solemn proclamation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights ## Footnote This proclamation involved key EU institutions affirming the importance of fundamental rights.
49
What treaty was signed on **13 December 2007**?
Treaty of Lisbon ## Footnote This treaty aimed to enhance the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the EU.
50
What significant event occurred on **21 December 2007**?
Entry of Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia to the Schengen Area ## Footnote This expanded the Schengen Area to include more member states.
51
When was the euro introduced in Cyprus and Malta?
1 January 2008 ## Footnote This marked the adoption of the euro by these two countries.
52
What significant event occurred on **12 June 2008** in Ireland?
First referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon ## Footnote The referendum resulted in a 53.4% vote no.
53
What occurred on **12 December 2008** regarding Switzerland?
Entry of Switzerland to the Schengen Area ## Footnote This allowed for passport-free travel between Switzerland and EU countries.
54
When was the euro introduced in Slovakia?
1 January 2009 ## Footnote Slovakia adopted the euro as its currency.
55
What happened on **2 October 2009** regarding the Treaty of Lisbon?
Second referendum in Ireland ## Footnote This time, the referendum resulted in a 67.1% vote yes.
56
What treaty entered into force on **1 December 2009**?
Treaty of Lisbon ## Footnote This treaty reformed the EU's institutional framework.
57
Who became the first President of the European Council on **1 December 2009**?
Herman Van Rompuy ## Footnote He was the first to hold this position after the Treaty of Lisbon.
58
What significant service was created on **21 June 2010**?
European External Action Service ## Footnote This service aims to enhance the EU's foreign policy and diplomatic efforts.
59
When was the euro introduced in Estonia?
1 January 2011 ## Footnote Estonia adopted the euro as its currency.
60
What authority was launched on **1 January 2011**?
European Financial Supervisory Authority ## Footnote This authority was established to oversee financial markets in the EU.
61
What pact was adopted on **25 March 2011**?
Euro Plus Pact ## Footnote This pact aimed for economic policy coordination in the economic and monetary union.
62
What occurred on **19 December 2011** regarding Liechtenstein?
Entry of Liechtenstein to the Schengen Area ## Footnote This allowed for passport-free travel between Liechtenstein and EU countries.
63
What agreement was made on **30 January 2012**?
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the economic and monetary union ## Footnote This treaty aimed to strengthen economic governance in the EU.
64
What treaty was signed on **2 February 2012**?
Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism ## Footnote This treaty aimed to provide financial assistance to eurozone countries in crisis.
65
Which country acceded to the EU on **1 July 2013**?
Croatia ## Footnote Croatia's accession marked the latest enlargement of the EU.
66
When was the euro introduced in Latvia?
1 January 2014 ## Footnote Latvia adopted the euro as its currency.
67
What significant event occurred on **18 September 2014** in Scotland?
Referendum on Scottish independence ## Footnote The referendum resulted in a 55.3% vote no.
68
When was the euro introduced in Lithuania?
1 January 2015 ## Footnote Lithuania adopted the euro as its currency.
69
What happened on **12 March 2015** regarding Iceland?
Formal withdrawal of Iceland’s application for EU membership ## Footnote Iceland decided not to pursue EU membership.
70
What significant event occurred on **23 June 2016** in the United Kingdom?
Exit referendum ## Footnote The referendum resulted in a 51.9% vote to leave the EU.
71
What agreement entered into force on **30 December 2016**?
Paris Climate Change Agreement ## Footnote This agreement aimed to combat climate change and its impacts.
72
What formal notice was given on **29 March 2017**?
Notice of the United Kingdom’s intention to leave the EU ## Footnote This initiated the Brexit process.
73
When did the **United Kingdom withdraw** from the EU?
31 January 2020 ## Footnote This marked the end of the UK's membership in the EU after 47 years.
74
What anniversary was celebrated on **9 May 2020**?
70-year anniversary of the Schuman Declaration ## Footnote This declaration is considered a foundational moment for European integration.
75
What significant changes occurred on **1 January 2021** regarding the United Kingdom?
UK withdraws from the EU’s internal market and customs union ## Footnote This marked the end of the transition period and the beginning of new trade agreements.
76
What declaration was signed on **10 March 2021**?
Joint Declaration on the Conference on the Future of Europe ## Footnote This aimed to engage citizens in discussions about the future of the EU.
77
What law did the EU adopt on **28 June 2021**?
First Climate Law ## Footnote This law aimed to set legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
78
When was the euro introduced in Croatia?
1 January 2023 ## Footnote Croatia became the 20th member of the euro area.
79
What significant event occurred on **1 January 2023** regarding Croatia?
Entry of Croatia to the Schengen area ## Footnote This allowed for passport-free travel between Croatia and other Schengen countries.
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