Maintenance D

Question 1

Risk of fetal loss tends to increase/decrease over gestation?

Answer 1

decrease

Question 2

Types of fetal loss and why its important

Answer 2

3

60% pregnancy gets lost in 1st trimester - human

still birth - low risk of occuring

fetal loss is important: signs are, if they can be rebreed, any future complications

Question 3

why is abortion used instead of miscarriage terminology

Answer 3

induced or spontaneous

Question 4

Answer 4

• placental supply oxygen/nutrients - torsion
  -uterine sterility - especially if they can cross placenta or affect uterus
  -Maternal recognition of pregnancy -luteolysis - loss of P4
  -uterine trauma
  -embryo abnormality - genetic,cell layers ICM vs trophoblast,

Question 5

Describe the outcomes of fetal loss (all stages)

Answer 5

embryonic/early fetal loss -slightly longer cycle - sign

autolysed fetus - decomposed fetus

Question 6

Briefly describe the rate of fetal loss across species
-rate across different types of fetal loss

Answer 6

Question 7

Mummification vs maceration
what can we do? LA

Answer 7

retained in utero
Mummification = mummified fetus
Maceration = starts to breakdown and decompose fetus, bits of fetus seen

Induce parturition in mummification in cow - give PGF2a and/or oxytocin to help expel fetus.

polytoccus - wait for them to give birth to the mummified fetus

Maceration - v rare
caused by infectious organism
clinical symptomps smells and discharge
will need active treatment

Question 8

If mare showing signs of estrous when she is meant to be in gestation what does this mean?

Answer 8

red flag! She probably aborted fetus

Question 9

If a cow is not showing signs of parturition when she is meant to, what does this mean?

Answer 9

still birth - no signs of parturition

no change in size of placentomes in cow

Question 10

what is needed for Mummification to occur

Answer 10

1. persistent active CL
   need ossification - prevents structure from being broken down
2. all fluid has been resorbed
3. no pathogens or oxygen introduced = will stimlate decomposition

Ususualy in litter bearing species e.g pigs - can be one or some, all

Question 11

define abortion storm

Answer 11

Higher than expected abortion rates in a group of animals

something maybe environmental that is causing this

Question 12

What are some signs of infectious fetal loss how do you find the cause

Answer 12

-post-mortem of fetus and placenta

placentitis - well demarcated of colour change + cervical start

Question 13

what are some common non-infectious causes of fetal loss

Answer 13

7

Curly calf - still birth

ectopic - within oviduct - life threatening

Question 14

why investigate case of abortion?

Answer 14

-health of dam not long term issues
-look at aborted fetus and placenta
-characteristics of fetus, first time?
-gross lesions
-hormonal panel
-environmental issues - hot, toxic plants

-could diagnose pregnancy loss in litter bearing species e.g 6 vs 8 initial heart beats = check other offspring

Question 15

what are some ways to prevent fetal loss

Answer 15

Question 16

What are some indicators of pregnancy termination?
-approaches for inducing abortion

Answer 16

manual vs pharma techniques

spey for abortion

cause lutelolysis - PGF2a - dexamethasone

OR
induce parturition- combination of Oxytocin

Question 17

Answer 17

shearing contractors - move from site to site - introduced pathogens -> campylobacter

High temperatures likely

handling/shearing - not that stressful

ryegrass = causes ataxia - obvious sign

Question 18

How to induce abortion

Answer 18

rupture fetal membranes or removal protective barrier in cervix or remove progesterone bloc.

Progesterone block - target tinming of placental P4 takeover in certain species e.g C, E, M

Question 19

Diagnose and monitor pregnancy

Answer 19

Diagnosis:
twins - fetal reduction e.g in mares

Question 20

What are some signs of pregnancy diagnosis
overall and species specific

Answer 20

Question 21

what to monito during maternal and fetal monitoring

Answer 21