MARY

Question 1

What problems did Mary face

Answer 1

• catholic - country changed to Protestantism, issue to overcome
• female - whoever she marries will be king, unable to go to battle -> establishes act that allows for female monarchs in future
• stubborn/strong willed - good characterises for monarch
• described as more evil than other monarchs - Bloody Mary, misleading, other monarchs killed just as much

Question 2

What were Marys aims for her rule

Answer 2

• restore Catholicism
• wants to produce heir - secure succession, continue Catholicism
• get established - choose privy council, advisors etc
• decide how to deal with Northumberland
• defend Calais and guise - war with France
• restore legitimacy

Question 3

What was Mary’s path to marriage

Answer 3

• 37 years old - desperate to have children
• 2 contenders - Phillip (Hapsburg family, first cousin, controls Spain and Netherlands) and Edward courtenay (favoured by most privy council, isnt foreign descendant of kings)
• Philip not enthusiastic about marriage - met for first time 2 days before marriage, language barrier
• marriage treaty - son will inherit England not spain, Philip isn’t sovereign on his own, cannot take child/queen out of country -> still at risk, Spain is large power so can take control

Question 4

What issues did Mary face with Philip

Answer 4

• wanted to create joint English and Spanish court - caused issues
• jealousy - Mary’s throne is more ornate/grand than Philip
• may and June 1554 - anti Spanish riots in London -> 13 June mob attacks church were spanish worship
• anti English sentiments in Spain - believed England were heretics/savages
• Philips courtiers didnt want to go to England (too cold) - didnt like terms of treaty
• 2 failed pregnancies
• Philip tried to ingratiate himself in court - drank beer, gave pensions, gave gifts from private resources
• joint household of Spanish entourage and English personnel - too many people for required duties

Question 5

How did Mary react to edwards Protestant reforms

Answer 5

• 1549 - openly disregarded new prayer book and prohibition of mass by celebrating mass in her chapel in kenningham publicly
• 1550 - fears for her safety, van der delft (Charles ambassador in England) set up escape plan for her -> didn’t come to fruition
• 1553 - devise for succession drawn up by Edward excluded Mary/Elizabeth on grounds of illegitimacy

Question 6

When was Cranmer arrested

Answer 6

14 September 1553

Question 7

When was Northumberland executed

Answer 7

22 august 1553

Question 8

When was publication of royal marriage treaty

Answer 8

January 1554

Question 9

When was wyatts rebellion

Answer 9

January 1554

Question 10

When was wyatt executed

Answer 10

11 April 1554

Question 11

When was Elizabeth freed

Answer 11

22 may 1554

Question 12

When did cardinal pole reunite England to Catholic Church

Answer 12

28 November 1554

Question 13

What were issues of religion in 1555

Answer 13

• January - publication of bishop bonner’s book of homilies, Mary appointed a commission to consider refounding some of religious houses
• February - rogers (biblical translators) became first Protestant martyr of region -> burned under heresy laws
• 16 October - bishops Latimer and Ridley burned at stake in oxford
• November - death of Stephen Gardiner (bishop of Winchester)
• 13 November - Cranmer deprived of archbishopric of Canterbury
• December - cardinal pole made Archbishop of Canterbury, London synod met under pole

Question 14

What were issues of religion in 1556

Answer 14

• February - synod issued 12 decrees on clerical discipline against abuses such as absenteeism, pluralism, simony and heresy -> more Protestants burned for heresy
• 21 march - Cranmer recanted all retractions and burned at stake in oxford
• 22 march - pole consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury

Question 15

When was the worst harvest of the century

Answer 15

• September 1556

Question 16

When was fall of sir Henry Dudley

Answer 16

• 18 march 1556
• arrested after plot to make Elizabeth queen

Question 17

What religious issues were there in 1557

Answer 17

• June - refoundation of some religious houses, partial monastic restoration
• July - cardinal pole recalled to Rome to face heresy charges -> Mary refused to let him go

Question 18

What were social issues in 1557 and 1558

Answer 18

• widespread death and sickness
• flu epidemic

Question 19

When was Calais surrendered to french

Answer 19

• 7 January 1558

Question 20

What was in marriage treaty

Answer 20

• 10 October 1553 - Charles ambassador (Simon renard) presented official proposal of marriage to Mary
• 7 December - council consents to treaty terms
• April 1554 - approved in parliament
• England to uphold treaties of 1543 and 1546 with Netherlands - England should aid with 6000 men if Netherlands attacked by french

Question 21

What were causes of wyatt rebellion

Answer 21

• didnt want Mary to marry a foreign - govt would be taken over, english intents could become subservient to those of Spain -> widespread xenophobia, Spanish negotiators came to decide treaty terms the people held their heads don sorrowfully
• Against Catholicism - no catholic restoration (not extremely significant) -> book that wrote religion as a reason was commissioned by govt, diverts attention from opposition of marriage to religion
• Economic hardship - decline in cloth industry over long period of time, makes people less tolerant of change (more likely to air grievances)
• Political instability - caused by shake up in office holding, younger gentry feared that Philips presence in court might affect their career opportunities

Question 22

What were the events of wyatts rebellion

Answer 22

• autumn 1553 - some gentry at court discussed Protestant succession -> Mary deposed, Edward Courtenay marry Elizabeth, Elizabeth becomes queen
• December 1553 - plans for risings in Kent, Hertfordshire, Devon and Leicestershire
• 27 December 1553 - emperors commissioners arrive (Charles v) to begin marriage treaty negotiations
• 14 January 1554 - terms of marriage treaty announced by proclamation, provoked earlier action than planned
• Mid January 1554 - renard heard plot, Courtenay had to confess, 3/4 locations didn’t raise supporters -> Sir Thomas Wyatt (prominent shire family) raised 2500 armed men
• 29 January 1554 - Duke of Norfolk forced to return to court when his troops joined Wyatt
• 3 February 1554 - Wyatt reached Thames at Southwark
• 12 February 1554 - led troops 20km west to Kingston, stopped at ludgate -> forced to surrender, ask for mercy

Question 23

What were consequences of wyatt rebellion

Answer 23

• 90 rebels executed
• wyatt becomes martyr - dipped handkerchiefs in his blood when executed
• lady Jane grey and husband executed although innocent
• Elizabeth life spared - she wasn’t involved

Question 24

What was significance of Wyatt rebellion

Answer 24

• reached London - failed to stop them enroute
• 3/4 towns didnt raise troops
• orthodox protestant leaders didnt want to support - refusing to be liberated by rebels
• support for Mary was relatively high - refused to leave London, 1st February 1554 speech at guildhall saying she loves country as mother loves her child
• renard hears plot - easily diffused, Courtenay weak as he immediately confessed
• dont call on imperial troops
• marriage treaty announced - plans brought ahead, didnt have enough time
• french decided not to get involved - in contact with conspirators through ambassador but don’t seize opportunity

Question 25

Who did Mary choose as her advisors

Answer 25

- Gardiner (bishop, lord chancellor) - Mary’s most trusted English adviser, unenthusiastic about returning to papal supremacy -> doesnt want all elements of Catholicism back - Renard (imperial ambassador) - worried about property concerns - Charles v and pope Julius iii - cautious, moving too quickly may cause unrest - Cardinal pole - appointed papal legate with brief to restore papal supremacy, wanted to get credit for bringing about ecclesiastical change in England

Question 26

How did Mary want to make england catholic again

Answer 26

- reaffirming doctrine - transubstantiation, prayer books, articles - change liturgy - services - decoration of church - relics, altar - ending clerical marriage - bring back monasteries - quite difficult - restoring pope - wasn’t mass protest so maybe people didnt care about changes

Question 27

What did Mary think about religion during her rule

Answer 27

- interpreted her initial popularity as an endorsement of catholic faith - instead of unpopularity of Northumberland - 15 august 1553 - hoped others would follow Catholicism - 23 august 1553 - altar and cross set up at st Nicholas Cole abbey in London - Confirmed Mary’s misguided assessment - believed majority were still Roman Catholic, led astray during Edwards reign - Protestant reformers - heretics, devils agents, ensnared souls of innocent/ignorant, confused faithful with babble of false/conflicting doctrines

Question 28

What factors hindered her religious reforms

Answer 28

- short reign - required parliamentary approval for religious changed rather than royal decree - Pole didn’t give ecclesiastical policy his full attention - also had responsibilities of keeping peace between habsburgs and French - Pole scheme to overhaul church finance required 2 huge surveys - pensions to former monks/clergy, poor benefices -> took 18 months, cumbersome administrative attack - Pole strategy relied on active involvement of bishops - 6 sees left vacant for most of reign - march 1555 Pope julius iii died (poles loyal friend) - successor may not support mission to same degree - New pope Paul iv - virulently anti-Habsburg, dispute with Philip - Mary govt fail to realise potential of literacy/printing - critical works outnumbered publications that supported Mary’s policies - Protestant underground thrived - 19000 copied of 1552 prayer book remained in circulation - persecution created martyrs - 280 executed including prominent bishops, - Propaganda opportunities not always seized - April 1554 debates between leading catholics and Protestants at oxford, recantation of sir john cheke - Catholic leaders/writers wished to inform rather than persuade - thought heresy was minor problem (solved with minor burnings), misjudged situation - Edwardian bishops were still in sees until April 1554, later in reign there were lengthy vacancies (1557) when pope Paul iv refused to confirm Marian appointments to vacant bishoprics (bad relations with pole) - catholic clergy depleted - 1555 - Pole rejected help of Jesuits in -> priests came to England to preach about Catholicism, presence caused more problems

Question 29

What were issues of religion in 1553

Answer 29

- august - proclamation that Mary doesn’t force religious conformity -> prominent Protestant clergy were deprived of living - September - Cranmer (archbishop) arrested, Latimer, Hooper, Rogers and Ridley and others imprisoned - Autumn - Parliament meets and refuses to repeal act of supremacy, pass act of repeal (undid Edwardian reformation - brought back mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy and implicitly reaffirmed transubstantiation) - December - Mary gives up title as supreme head of church

Question 30

What were issues of religion in 1554

Answer 30

- January - 800 Protestants fled to Switzerland and Germany - March - royal injunctions issued (bishops suppress heresy, remove married clergy, restore holy days etc), Gardiner deprived married clergy of their livings, diocese of Norwich 243 priests lose post 90 in bath and wells (10-25% married clergy deprived) - April - parliament initially rejects reintroduction of heresy laws -> later agreed that former monastic lands wouldn’t be restored to church ownership - November - pole returns to England, sentence of excommunication was lifted in England, Second Act of Repeal passed (undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529 and henrician reformation)

Question 31

What were issues of religion in 1558

Answer 31

- 10 November - 5 Protestants burned at stake in Canterbury, 300 executed during Mary’s reign - 17 November - Mary and pole die

Question 32

How did Mary achieve her religious aims

Answer 32

- Poles top down strategy for restoration of Catholicism - Strong leadership of church - encourages bishops to make regular visitations to dioceses -> check on finances and discipline of clergy - 12 decrees - 1555 London synod drew up, necessity of all parish priests being resident and sought to put an end to other abuses - Commission of new publications - catholic New Testament, new book of homilies, new catechism to help clergy (however weren’t ever really implemented) - Clerical education - cathedral schools founded/reformed, pole replaced Gardiner as chancellor of Cambridge uni (then Oxford), importance of visitations

Question 33

How did Mary’s reign end

Answer 33

- august 1558 - she fell ill - October - changed her will that she would be succeeded by her heir -> she knew she couldn’t produced heir, inevitable that Elizabeth would rule - November - asked Elizabeth to pay debts and keep Catholicism - Elizabeth had stockpile weapons in case the succession was diverted away from her - smooth succession - parliament already assembled

Question 34

Why didn’t Mary like Cranmer

Answer 34

- oversaw the marriage of Henry to her step-mother, Anne Boleyn - annulled marriage between her parents - spent many years undermining Catholic Church and power of Pope - agreed to Device for the succession which undermined her right to throne

Question 35

Evidence on opposition to Mary’s religious reforms

Answer 35

- January 1554 - mass exodus of 800 Protestants to Germany and Switzerland

Question 36

What were issues of succession

Answer 36

- Northumberland kept edwards death secret for 2 days - bullied members of Council/Mayor of London into agreeing to devise - Lack of support for lady Jane grey - Northumberland went to Mary in Sussex with 2000 troops but they deserted him - 20th July Mary acknowledged as Queen - 3rd august entered London with support of public - 17th July Northumberland arrested - 22nd august executed - lady jane grey arrested/imprisoned in Tower, executed after Wyatt's revolt

Question 37

Who was conservative faction under Mary

Answer 37

- Gardiner tried to quicken reintroduction of Catholicism - persuaded parliament to pass bill introducing heresy laws -> Paget opposed bill, fearing provocation of disorder, represented secular interests of those gaining land from dissolution - Gardiner reluctant to return to papal supremacy but did support - Gardiner tried to save Cranmer/Northumberland from execution - Gardiner proposes marriage to Edward Courtenay - Paget argued for marriage to Philip (only councillor to support) -> attempt to outmanoeuvre Gardiner, Mary uninterested in Courtenay