MDD Flashcards

Question

SAD

Answer 1

-Higher rates of it as you get further from equator -Occurs in winter months -Responds well to light therapy

Answer 2

How we understand the boundires between anxiety and depression by undestanding similarities and differeces

Answer 3

negative emotionality, negative affect

Answer 4

-anhedonia is depression specific -psysiological hypersrousal is anxiety-specific (manifests differently amongst anxiety disorders)

Answer 5

-16-17% -20-25% for women, 9-12% for men, differs substantially depending on where u look

Answer 6

6% for women, 3% for men

Answer 7

-3-6% -higher in lower/middle income EA countries than recurrent depression

Answer 8

-Some data showing Black/African-American groups have lower lifetime prevalence (10%) than White Americans (~18%) -Prevalence rates may be higher among Black youth than among White youth -Similarly mixed evidence for prevalence rates in studies looking at First Nations group, Asian-American groups relative to Caucasian-American/White participants -Less likely to have it paradoxically when they receive the diagnosis, so those in minority groups tend to experience it on a longer course and more severe

Answer 9

-Frequently more somatic presentation in Asian, Latin American, and North African cultures -Top three symptoms, depressed mood/sadness, fatigue/loss of energy, problems w/sleep – across multiple countries -However, across these countries, the top symptom varies in how frequently endorsed it is -possible that same underlying thing expresses itself differently in different countries

Answer 10

-western non-indigenous = depressed mood -latin america = fatigue -middle east = depressed -south asia = sleep -southeast asia = issues we hear

Answer 11

very chronic course – even though in terms of symptom presentation it is thought to be less severe, the nature of the length of this disorder can be really impairing

Answer 12

-Over 10 year study, 75% recovered -Risk for relapse is high

Answer 13

-Age of onset – usually teens/mid-20s -25% of the time, MDD preceded by low-grade, chronic PDD/depression

Answer 14

-Duration of episodes typically 5-6 months -20% of the time, episodes will >2 years - can set people back in key developmental milestones of adolescence -At least ½ of individuals who have one depressive episode will have at least one more -½ to ⅓ will relapse -4-6 episodes over lifetime is average

Answer 15

-Personality disorder -Non-mood comorbid disorders

Answer 16

-Some estimates 15% of people with mood disorders will die by suicide - may be a biased estimate bc it’s taken from mostly inpatient populations -More recent estimates likely: 5-6% inpatients, 2% outpatients -Much higher than general population, risk is substantially elevated

Answer 17

uicide most common in the 1st 6 months after recovery - thought that it’s most often for people w recurrent depression, in first 6 months after recovery people start to regain energy again, for many of them this is not the first time this sort of cycle has happened, feel like though they have this newfound energy, they know that that depressive state is going to come back again, and so many think that there is this very narrow sort of future for them

Answer 18

person you recruit to study that has the disorder you want to study

Answer 19

-MDD is familial, and bipolar I is familial – see higher rates in family members with these -Suggests that mood disorders broadly may be familial, not perfectly specific because we still see high rates of MDD in those family members

Answer 20

-For male twins: r = .31 for Mz, .11 for Dz -For female twins: r = .44 for Mz, .16 for Dz -Stronger agreement in female monozygotic twins than female dizygotic twins -Doesn’t tell us anything about shared environmental factors

Answer 21

-Looked at rates of disorder in biological and adopted families -Also adopted controls -Only biological families had elevated rates of mood disorders -Suggests a genetic component rather than affective environment

Answer 22

early loss of a parent - thought it was THE etiological explanation for MDD, especially if you later faced a second loss

Answer 23

asks you to reflect on what your experiences of being parented are like based on the 2 dimensions of caregiving

Answer 24

1) Care, nurturance 2) Overprotection, control

Answer 25

-Depression in parents, leads to less beneficial parenting, leads to depression in children -OR may be that kids who will become depressed elicit more negative parenting -Passive gene-environment correlation because it doesn’t depend on behavior of children, just environment where kid is growing up -BUT control for parental hx of depression, association still there

Answer 26

-Depressed patients frequently report parents lower in warmth and care - potential mood state bias there, people currently depressed will report that most things are worse than those who are not depressed -Less consistently: higher in overprotection -This interaction poses a heightened risk for depression -Abuse associated with higher rates of depression and chronicity

Answer 27

-1 twin sexually abused, the other not -Rates of depression higher in the abused twin -For a long time people were saying this was basically a genetic disorder, shows that even for genetically identical people, the experiences that you have matter

Answer 28

-Depressed people more sensitive to the effects of stress -But also generate more stress in their lives -Particularly interpersonal stress

Answer 29

-In 6 months prior to onset of MDD, increased rate of stressful life events -20% of women who experienced these events became depressed -75% of depressed women studied had experienced such an event in the 6 months prior -Not seen in non-depressed

Answer 30

Most powerful stressors related to themes of loss: loss of a loved one, loss of a job, loss of a cherished ideal or goal

Answer 31

things that aren’t independent of how the person behaves in the world, losing a job, etc. -Dependent seem more strongly predictive of depression

Answer 32

things thought of as fateful stressors, you’re sitting at a red light and are rear ended by a car -Depression associated w/higher number of independent events as well

Answer 33

-Depression related to a reduction in behaviors that are positively reinforced -Receive less positive reinforcement, mood declines -Become less likely to engage in behaviors that receive positive reinforcement

Answer 34

-core beliefs, believe that you can have these core beliefs but not have depression until you have a life stressor -dormant, but activated by presence of stressor

Answer 35

1. Negative Views abotu the World 2. Negative Views abotu the future 3. negative views about onneself

Answer 36

-not readily accessible by self reports – particularly if they’re not currently in a depressive state -Idea that they are latent and activated specifically in presence of a stressor -Therefore need experimental lab studies

Answer 37

when something bad happens that you expect bad to happen, it goes right into the schema and idea and reinforces this idea that the world is against them, everything is bad for them

Answer 38

filters info so that people will attend to some things and not others – tendency to focus on the negative info, not positive

Answer 39

-People with depression endorse negative things, more likely to remember the negative words that they endorsed than positive words - affects what they remember about study -Don’t see this in most anxiety disorders, actually, unless comorbid w/depression - seems to demonstrate some specificity to depression

Answer 40

-People w/depression will be much faster to find snake than people without depression because attention is immediately and reflexively drawn to negative things -In contrast, they are then really slow to find the mushroom

Answer 41

For someone with depression, they are much slower to say name of color of word bc their attention is so negatively selective that they are slower to do task in presence of negative emotional distracter because they cannot inhibit this tendency to look at emotional distracter

Answer 42

-for people with depression if they are trying to repeat story that is relatively neutral, and in the other ear they are hearing negative words (death, misery, filth, anger, sorrow, etc.), they have a much harder time repeating what they are hearing from the neutral story bc their attention is so divided -Tend to make more errors and have a harder time remembering content of story they are supposed to listen to

Answer 43

-Cage with divider, had floor that was electrified -When exposed to inescapable floor, they learn that nothing that they do affects their environment or makes a meaningful change for them - dogs who learned this helplessness in experience and then would not try to escape, became very lethargic and apathetic

Answer 44

kids learn early on that punishment is going to be unpredictable and no matter what they do, nothing will change - example of this learned helplessness - they will still be in trouble even if they do lots of good things so why keep trying?

Answer 45

External vs. internal Global vs. specific Stable vs. unstable

Answer 46

Internal, global and stable attribution staples associated with depression

MDD Flashcards

(79 cards)