Measuring Development

Question 1

Define development

Answer 1

Development is a process of change and growth which usually leads to improvement in people’s lives

Question 2

What are needs and wants?

Answer 2

Needs are things that people cannot live without such as shelter, food, clean water, clothing

Wants are things that make life easuer but people can stoll survive without them such as a phone, TV, car, jewelery, etc

Question 3

What are the advantages or benefits of development?

Answer 3

> It leads to improvement inn health/education
It jncreases job opportunities/better living standards
improves infrastructure
Improves access to clean water supply
Access to new technology
Jmrpved sanitation/hygiene

Question 4

What are the disadvantages or problems associated with development?

Answer 4

♧ Puts pressure on resources like water, housing, electricity, etc
♧ it may also lead to environmental problems such as aur/land/water pollution and deforestation
♧ It may also lead to overcrowding in Urban areas
♧ It may increase the crime rate
♧ Shortage of housing/land/ relocate people to pave the way for development
♧ Shortage of jobs/increase in unemployment

Question 5

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to types of jobs

Answer 5

Developed countries
>Manufacture and service industries

Developing countries
>Mining and agriculture sector

Question 6

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to exports

Answer 6

Developed countries
>Manufactured goods are exported

Developing countries
>Raw materials are exported

Question 7

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to energy

Answer 7

Developed countries
> High consumption, main source is oul, coal, nuclear power

Developing countries
> Low consumption and main source is wood

Question 8

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to communication and transport

Answer 8

Developed countries
> Motor way, railway and airplane

Developing countries
> road and railway

Question 9

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to diet

Answer 9

Developed countries
> balanced diet and several meals per day

Developing countries
> unbalanced diet and population suffer from malnutrition

Question 10

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to health

Answer 10

Developed countries
> a leage number of doctors and good health facilities

Developing countries
> few doctors and few healrh facilities

Question 11

Compare developed and developing countries with reference to education

Answer 11

Developed countries
> majority have full time education and there is a high literacy rate

Developing countries
> few have primary and secondary education and there is a low literacy rate

Question 12

Name the four processes of development

Answer 12

> Economic growth - wealth creation
Social changes - Provision of basic needs
Political freedom - Protection of human rights
Environmental conservation - Protect natural resources

Question 13

Name everything that falls under each of the 4 indicators of development

Answer 13

> Economic
•GNP • Employment
•GDP •Energy use

> Social
•Health
-Life expectancy -IMF

•Education
-Literacy rate
-enrolment in schools
-teacher learner ratio
-university enrolment

> Political
-freedom and justice
-conflict and war
-human rights
-percentage of people who vote in elections
-percentage of women in managerial positions

> Environment
-rate of pollution
-rate of deforestation
-extinction of species

Question 14

What was the dicision of the world aince 1945?

Answer 14

> The capitalist world (First world), included the western europe and the united states of america

> the communist world ( second world), includes USSR and eastern europe

> the third world (mixed economies), includes undeveloped world or LEDCs

Question 15

What is the north-south division?

Answer 15

> The brandt line divides rich or developed countries from poor or developing countries

> Rich countries are found in the north of it while poor countries are found on the south of it

Question 16

Characteristics of NICs

Answer 16

• Established export oriented indistries
• Great investment in education / high skilled workforce
• Access to advanced technology

Question 17

Four differences between capitalist and communist countries

Answer 17

> capitalist countries are known as unplanned economies while communist countries are known as planned economies

> capitalist countries are free economies while communist countries are socialist economies

> capitalist countries are known as market economies while communist countries are known as centralized economies

> capitalist countries use a laissez-faire system while communist countries are collective economies

Question 18

Why are political indicators such as freedom and justice difficult to measure

Answer 18

Because you cannot see or touch them and you cannot assign value to them

Question 19

What does OPEC stand for?

Answer 19

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, e.g. Iraq, Saudi Africa, Iran

Question 20

Name the groups the World Bank divides the countries into

Answer 20

> Low Income
Middle Income
High Income
Newly Industrialised / Industrialising Countries

Question 21

Explain how environmental, political, social and economic indicators be used to measure development

Answer 21

> Economic Development: There is an increase in goods in services produced making the country to have more money

> social development: this is when people have access to things that improve their lives for example enough food clean water or electricity. Basic needs and wants are satisfied.

> Political development: this means people have freedom and they are enjoying their rights without any fear, intimidation or persecution from anyone or the authority

> Environmental conservation: this is development that encourages the protection in management of the natural resources through various measures

Question 22

How do we determine the level of development of different countries

Answer 22

We use indicating that may be grouped into economic, social, political, and environmental

Question 23

Explain how use each indicator to determine the level of development of different countries

Answer 23

Economic indicators:
> Energy Consumption
- looks at the quality of energy used
- developing countries use less energy compared to developed countries because there are more Industries and developed countries

> Employment
- you look at the number of people employed in each sector of the economy
- developed countries have more people employed in the service and industry sectors of the economy while developing countries have more people in agriculture

GNP (Gross National Product) / GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

> It Highlights international wealth difference
it is a standardized measure to compare countries
data is available from institutions such as Banks
it is easy to calculate from government figures

Social indicators
>Employment
- you look at the rate of employment unemployment and underemployment
- the more developed the country is the higher the employment rate and vice versa

> Health
- we use life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and morbidity rate

> Education
- we look at the literacy rate school enrollment and tertiary education enrollment

Political indicators
>Freedom and Justice
- percentage of people who vote
- percentage of women in managerial positions
- human rights rating

> War and conflict
- war in Conflict slows down development because it leads to destruction of infrastructure, decrease in production and trade

Environmental indicators
> we observe the balance between development and environmental damage or we look at how the environment is conserved

Question 24

How is GMP or GDP per capita calculated

Answer 24

The total GDP of the country is divided by the total population

Question 25

Define GNP GDP and GDP or GNP per capita

Answer 25

GNP: is the total wealth of a country produced in a year including earnings from abroad •GDP: is the total wealth of a country produced in a year excluding earnings from abroad •GNP / GDP per capita: is the average income each individual can receive if the money was equally shared / total worth of the country divided by the population

Question 26

Why is GNP or GDP not a good indicator of development

Answer 26

>It does not show how income is shared or is just an average of how income is shared >it doesn't show the gap between the rich and the poor > not all income is recorded or it doesn't include all production > it ignores the quality of life > statistics in developing countries may be inaccurate

Question 27

Define life expectancy infant mortality rate and morbidity rate

Answer 27

Life expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live from the time they are born Infant mortality rate is the number of babies per thousand who died before the age of 1 year Morbidity rate is the speed at which diseases spread within the population

Question 28

List examples of Environmental indicators

Answer 28

-Deforestation - soil erosion -pollution - overgrazing -over fishing etc

Question 29

Describe the characteristics of countries at levels of development

Answer 29

>Developed countries or more economically developed countries have a higher GNP than that of developing countries or lower economically developed countries > developed countries or medc have a lower population growth rate in that of developing countries or ledcs > developed countries have better quality of housing than that of developing countries > in developed countries more people are employed in the industry in service sectors while in developing countries more people are employed in primary sector such as agriculture fishing or mining > in developed countries there is a large number of people who have access to balance diet than in developing countries > developed countries have a longer life expectancy while developing countries have a shorter life expectancy > developed countries have a higher literacy rate or higher level of education of a higher level of skilled workforce wow developing countries have a lower literacy rate or a lower level of education or a lower level of skilled workforce > developed countries have a high access to improve health services while developing countries have limited access to improve health services

Question 30

Define human development index or composite index

Answer 30

This is a way in which the well-being of the people within the country is measured The HDI measures the level of education life expectancy or health and per capita income or standard of living HDI uses numbers from 0 to 1 in countries with the score close to zero are developing countries while countries with the score close to one are developed countries

Question 31

Mention how life expectancy the level of education end the standard of living is measured using composite index or human development index

Answer 31

A country scores a high HDI when the life expectancy's higher the Education level is higher in the GDP per capita is higher The health of a country's measured by looking at life expectancy The level of education is measured by looking at the years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and above and the expected years of schooling for children of school entry age The standard of living is measured by GNP per capita income

Question 32

Define multidimensional poverty index or mpi

Answer 32

It is a composite measure of the percentage of deprivation that the average person would experience if the deprivation of poor households were shared equally across the population

Question 33

Name the 10 indicators of mpi

Answer 33

Health: this dimension includes indicators such as child mortality and nutrition Education: education indicators include years of schooling and School attendance Living standards: this dimension encompasses arrange of indicators such as: >electricity - considered poor if no access to electricity >access to clean water - considered poor if you have no access to clean water >sanitation - considered poor if you don't have access to proper sanitation >flooring - considered poor a floor material consists of dirt sand or dung >cooking fuel - considered poor if you don't have electricity for energy >and asset ownership - considered poor if you don't have a radio, telephone, bicycle or motorcycle

Question 34

Explain factors which may influence the level of development in different countries

Answer 34

>Availability of resources will improve the standard of living > population growth will leave people with insufficient access to resources and services such as water healthcare and education > fertility rate: countries are poor when fertility rate is high because more resources will be used to sustain the population and it tends to be low in developed countries > age of the population: more children and more old age depend on active group > infant mortality rate: will be high because of poor access to the Healthcare >life expectancy: the richer the country is, higher the life expectancy and the lower the life expectancy the poorer the country tends to be >Political ( war and conflict): political instability slows down development of the country because it will push away investors

Question 35

How do political factors affect development

Answer 35

> form of government: the type of government can affect both individuals in business development because it determines the employment rate as well as the type of work > Political management: the government needs to manage buildings and maintain infrastructure wisely and spend appropriately > corruption: is when people in power behave dishonestly or illegally and abuse power for personal game > political stability: countries with war and Conflict or ethnic divides will struggle to attract investors > laws and policies: trade loss must facilitate trade; the import and export of goods

Question 36

How do social factors affect development

Answer 36

>Discrimination: it may cause some people to be excluded from education and certain economic activities > culture and religion: may limit the economics political and rights of women and children > population growth: big population will slow down the development of the country > nutrition: poor diet makes people vulnerable to poor health conditions, results into slow productivity > clean water supply and sanitation: poor water quality can lead to diseases which weakens people's production

Question 37

How do economic factors affect development

Answer 37

The more the wealth the country has, the more money is available for the development of infrastructure, education, health services, sanitation, job creation and industrial development

Question 38

How availability of resources affect development

Answer 38

Countries that are rich in natural resources can improve their economic conditions more quickly than countries that suffer as a shortage of natural resources