DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS IN TERMS OF LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP, DIVISION OF LABOUR AND TYPE OF TOOLS, SEASONAL AGRICULTURE, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITES DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
~LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP
- NOBODY OWNED LAND
- THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WAS OPEN TO EVERYBODY
~DIVISION OF LABOUR
- LABOUR WAS DIVIDED ACCORDING TO GENDER; MEN HUNTED ANIMALS, WOMEN GATHERED WILD FRUITS.
~CAPITAL GOODS/TYPES OF TOOLS
- THEY USE SIMPLE TECH
- TOOLS WERE MADE OF STONE, BONES, WOOD
- THEY YSED BOWS AND ARROWS
~SEASONAL AGRICULTURE
- MOVED WITH THE SEASONS IN SEARCH OF FOOD AND WATER
~ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
- SMALL CLOSE-KNIT SOCIETIES
-MANY CULTURAL TRADITION; STORYTELLING AND DANCING AROUND THE CAMPFIRE
~DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
-ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT FOR SHELTER, WEAPONS, FOOD AND WATER.
DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF NOMADIC PASTORALISTS IN TERMS OF LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP, DIVISION OF LABOUR AND TYPE OF TOOLS, SEASONAL AGRICULTURE, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITES DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
~LAND USE & OWNERSHIP
- LAND WAS OWNED BY THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
- THE CHIEF WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALLOCATING LAND.
- LAND WAS NOT SOLD OR BOUGHT
~DIVISION OF LABOUR
-THEY WERE SPECIALIST IRON SMELTERS AND HUNTERS
- WOMEN COOKED & CARED FOR SICK CHILDREN AND MEN LOOKED AFTER CATTLE.
- MEN TOOK PART IN WARS
~CAPITAL GOODS / TYPES OF TOOLS
- THEY USED TOOLS MADE FROM METALS LIKE HOES, AXES, SPEARS
~SEASONAL AGRI
-MOVED WITH THE SEASONS IN SEARCH OF FOOD.
~SOCIAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
-SMALL, CLOSE-KNIT SOCIETIES
-MANY CULTURAL TRADITION, E.G. STORYTELLING, AND DANCING
~DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
-DEPENDENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PASTURE AND WATER FOR THEIR ANIMALS, AND WILD ANIMALS AND FRUITS
DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF AGRICULTURALISTS IN TERMS OF LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP, DIVISION OF LABOUR AND TYPE OF TOOLS, SEASONAL AGRICULTURE, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITES DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
~LAND USE & OWNERSHIP
-PEOPLE HAD TRADITIONAL TRIBAL RIGHTS TO LAND
~DIVISION OF LABOUR
- MEN CLEARED LAND AND DID THE PLOUGHING
- MEN BUILT HUTS FOR SHELTER
- WOMEN COLLECTED WATER AND FIRE, AND DID WEAVING AND POETRY
~CAPITAL GOODS/TYPES OF TOOLS
- IRRIGATION SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED IN EGYPT, LIKE THE USE OF SCHADUF
-THEY DID BARTERING TO ACQUIRE SOME TOOLS
~SEASONAL AGRI
- SOMETIMES MOVED TO SEARCH FOR BETTER PASTURES
` SOCIAL AND CULTRURAL ACTIVITIES
- SMALL, CLOSE-KNIT SOCIETIES MANY CULTURAL TRADITION, E.G. STORYTELLING AND DANCING
~DEPENDENCE ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
- ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT FOR SHELTER, WEAPONS, FOOD AND WATER
WHAT ARE THE CHANGES TO TRADITIONAL FARMING IN PRE-COLONIAL TIMES?
- SOCIETY STARTED TO DEVELOP MORE SETTLED AGRI SYSTEMS
-ANIMALS WERE DOMESTICATED FOR THEIR MEAT, MILK, HIDES AND WORK THEY COULD DO - PLANTS WERE DOMESTICATED FOR FOOD, FIBRE
-STARTED PRODUCING ENOUGH FOOD FOR THEIR OWN CONSUMPTION
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF COLONIALISM ON TRADITIONAL SOCIETY?
- AFRICAN FARMERS WERE REMOVED BY FORCE FROM THEIR FERTILE LAND
- LAND BECAME SCARCE AND FOOD PRODUCTION WAS A CHALLENGE
- AFRICANS WERE USED AS CHEAP LABOUR ON PLANTATIONS OWNED BY WHITES
-SOME AFRICANS TOOK THE OPPORTUNITY TO GROW CROPS FOR SALE
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN PEASANT FARMING AND CASH CROPPING
-PEASANT SELL SOME CROPS AFTER FEEDING THEMSELVES, WHILE CASH PRODUCE TO SELL AND MAEK PROFIT
-PEASANT FARMS ARE SMALL AND LABOUR INTENSIVE, WHIL CASH FARMS ARE LARGE AND CAPITAL INTENSIVE
- PEASONT WORK IS DONE BY THE FAMILY, WHILE CASH LABOUR IS DONE BY HIRED WORKERS
-PEASANT USE ANIMAL POWER, WHILE CASH USE CHEMICALS, TRACTORS, FERTILIZERS
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMERCIAL FARMS?
-LIVESTOCK
-MONOCULTURE
-MIXED FARMING
EXPLAIN WHY FARMERS NEED MONEY
- TO BUY FERTILIZERS
- FOR TRANSPORT
- TO BUY TOOLS
- TO BUILD STORAGE FACILITIES
-TO BUY SEEDS
SUGGEST WAYS BY WHICH COMM. FARMS CAN IMPROVE THEIR LIVESTOCK FARMING
- DRILL BOREHOLE / SUPPLEMENTARY NUTRITIOUS FOOD
-ROTATING PASTURE TO PREVENT OVERGRAZING - CROSS BREEDING/ATRIFICIAL INSEMINATION
-JOINING COOPERATIVES
-VETERINARY SERVICES
STATE 3 WAYS IN WHICH A FARM COULD BE FINANCED
-GET LOANS FROM GOVERNMENT
- COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION
-SPONSORSHIP FROM BUSINESS PEOPLE
- GRANTS/SUBSIDIES FROM NGOs
HOW CAN MODERN FARMING METHODS CONTRIBUTE TO SOIL EROSION?
- DUE TO MONOCULTURE
- ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS
- DEFORESTATION
- IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CASUED BY COMM. FARMS
~OVERGRAZING: KEEPING TO MANY ANIMALS ON ONE AREA
~AIR POLLUTION: THE USE OF MACHINES/TRACTORS RELEASE HARMFUL GASES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
~WATER POLLUTION: RAIN WILL WASH THE FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES INTO WATER SOURCES
~DEFORESTATION: CUTTING DOWN OF TREES AND LEAVE THE SOIL BARE
WHY DO SUB. FARMERS USUALLY HAVE SMALL LAND?
- THEY PRODUCE TO FEED THEIR FAMILY
- LAND IS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO MAKE PARKS
- THEY ARE POOR TO HAVE LARGE FARMS
- OVERPOPULATION
-THEY USE SIMPLE TECH
WHY SUB. FARMERS ARE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE PROBLEMS IN THE MARKETING OF CROPS
- POOR ACCESS TO TRANSPORT
- POOR QUALITY CROPS
- SMALL QUANTITY TO SELL
- POOR KNOWLEDGE OF MARKETING
WAYS IN WHICH MODERN FAMILY FARMING METHODS INCRESAE THE EMISSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
- BY THE USE OF MACHIENRY WHICH USES OIL/DIESEL
-BY REMOVING VEGETATION
-INCRESED PRODUCTION MEANS MORE TRNASPORT OF GOODS TO MARKETS - BY CLEARING LARGE AREAS OF LAND BY BURNING DOWN FORESTS
WHY IS IT CALLED THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY/POVERTYTRAP?
-ONE FACTOR CAN LEAD TO ANOTHER FACTORE
-THEIR LAND RESOURCES PRODUCE VERY LITTLE / LOW PRODUCTIVITY
-ONCE YOU ARE CAUGHT IN THIS CIRCLE OF POVERTY IT IS DIFFICULT TO GET OUT OF IT
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY?
- LIMITED ACCESS TO CREDIT AND CAPITAL MARKETS
-EXTREME ENIVORNMENTAL DEGRADATION
-POOR EDUCATION
-CORRUPT GOVERNMENT
-POOR ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE
LARGE SCALE PROJECTS
- ARE USUALLY INVOLVED IN COMM. FARMING
- THE PROJECVTS CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS BY CREATING JOBS AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
-HOWEVER, SOME LARGE SCALE DOESN’T BENEFIT THE LOCAL PEOPLE ESPECIALLY WHEN OUTSIDE LABOUR ARE BROUGHT INTO THE AREA TO WORK ON THE PROJECT AND ALSO WHEN THE OUTPUTS ARE NOT USED TO BENEFIT THE RURAL COMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATIONS
- SINGLE CROP FARMING
-REQUIRES GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
-SUPPORT SECONDARY INDUSTRIES
-PRACTICES ON LARGE SCALE
E.G. GRAPE VINEYARDS
REASONS WHY THE GOVERNMENT WANTS TO DEVELOP THE RURAL AREAS
- TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION TO FEED THE NATION
- TO SLOW DOWN THE RATE OF MIGRATION TO THE TOWNS
-TO CREATE MARKETS FOR GOODS PRODUCED IN TOWNS
SMALL SCALE RURAL PROJECTS
-THESE ARE PROGRAMMES THAT AIM TO HELP PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS TO GENERATE MONEY
BRICK MAKING - MAKING BRICKS FOR SELLING
WEAVING - MAKING BASKETS FOR SELLING
GARDENING - GROWING VEGETABLES FOR SELLING
FARMERS COOPERATIVES
-IS A GROUP OF FARMERS THAT HAVE JOINED TOGETHER IN ORDER TO INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTION
WHAT ARE TEH BENEFITS OF FARMERS COOPERATIVES?
-THEY BUY IN BULK
- SAVE ON TRANSPORT COSTS
- HAVE ACCESS TO LOANS
- SHARE MAINTENANCE COSTS
E.G. EUDAFANO WOMEN’S COOPERATIVE
HOW THE GOVERNMENT CAN ASSIST RURAL FAERMERS TO IMPROVE THEIR FARMS
-ALLOW THEM TO FORM COOPERATIVES/GROUPS
-BUILD ROADDS FOR EASY TRANSPORT TO THE MARKETS
-PROVIDE CHEPA LOANS/CREDIT FACILITIES
-PROVIDE CHEAP SEEDS
-SUBSIDIES MACHINERY AND MEDICINE
