1
Q
which plane cuts the brain into left and right portions
A
saggital
2
Q
which plane cuts the brain into front and back ortions
A
coronal
3
Q
which plane cuts the brain into top and bottom portions
A
horizontal
4
Q
rostral direction points toward the
A
head/nose
5
Q
in bipeds, rostral is synonymous with
A
superior
6
Q
caudal direction pointw toward the
A
tail
7
Q
in bipeds, caudal is synonymous with
A
inferior
8
Q
a bundle of axons in the CNS are called a
A
tract
9
Q
a bundle of axons in the PNS are called a
A
nerve
10
Q
a group of cell bodies in the CNS are called a
A
nucleus
11
Q
a group of cell bodies in the PNS are called a
A
ganglion
12
Q
myelinating cells in the CNS are called ___ and can myelinate how many axons at a time
A
oligodendrocytes, many
13
Q
myelinating cells in the PNS are called ___ and can myelinate how many axons at a time
A
Schwann Cells, one
14
Q
afferent nerves travel from the ___ to the ___ and carry ___ information
A
brain, body, sensory
15
Q
efferent nerves travel from the ___ to the ___ and carry ___ information
A
body, brain, motor
16
Q
the corpus callosum is an example of a
A
commissure
17
Q
gray matter contains ___ and ___
A
soma and nuclei
18
Q
white matter contains ___ and ___
A
axons, tracts
19
Q
Which part of a neuron contains Nissl bodies
A
soma
20
Q
what are nissl bodies composed of
A
rough ER and ribosomes
21
Q
where are nissl bodies not found? what does this imply
A
axon, no protein synthesis occurs in the axon itself
22
Q
list cytoskeleton sizes from thinnest to thickest
A
microfilaments, neurofilaments, microtubules
23
Q
which motor protein is responsible for anterograde axonal transport
A
kinesin
24
Q
which motor protein is responsible for retrograde axonal transport
A
dynein
25
microglia are located in the ___ and are responsible for ___
CNS, phagocytosis
26
ependymal cells are located in the ___ and are responsible for making ___ via the ___ ___
CNS, CSF, choroid plexus
27
at rest, levels of these ions are high extracellularly
Na+, Cl-, Ca++
28
at rest, levels of this ion are high intracellularly
K+
29
what does the Na/K pump force in and out of the cell
Na OUT, K IN
30
what is the only electrical synapse connection? how is it facilitated
dendrodendritic, gap junctions
31
what is saltatory conduction within an axon
the signal jumps from one node of ranvier to the next, making a faster conduction speed
32
the influx of this ion causes NT release into the synaptic cleft
Ca++
33
EPSPs do what to the cell
depolarize
34
IPSPs do what to the cell
hyperpolarize
35
EPPs do what
depolarize neuromuscular junctions
36
what is the function of immunocytochemistry
tag specfic proteins with fluorescent antibodies to see where they travel
37
what is the function of In-situ hybridization
tag specific mRNA strands to see where the gene expression is happening
38
what is the precursor of the cholinergic system
cholinergic neurons
39
what are the key enzymes invoved in the cholinergic system
CHAt (synthesis), AChE (degradation in synapse)
40
what NTs are involved in the catecholaminergic system (3)
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
41
what is the Amino acid precursor of the catecholaminergic system
tyrosine
42
what is the precursor of the serotonergic pathway
tryptophan
43
what NT is involved in the amino acidergic system
GABA
44
what is the Amino acid precursor of the amino acidergic system
glutamate
45
what key enzyme is present in the amino acidergic system
glutamic acid decarboxylase
46
what is the function of glutamic acid decarboxylase
convert glutamate to GABA
47
what is the Amino acid precursor of the purinergic system
adenine
48
what is the key NT in the purinergic system
ATP
49
ionotropic receptors are ___-gated
ligand
50
which is faster? ionotropic or metabotropic
ionotropic
51
metabotropic receptors are also known as
G-protein Coupled receptors
52
What does the CNS originate from
neural tube
53
what does the PNS originate from
neural crest
54
what doe the ectoderm form
neuroepithelium
55
the prosencephalon makes up the ___ whichis comprised of the ___ and the ___
forebrain, telencephalon, diencephalon
56
the telencephalon is made up of (3)
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory system
57
the mesencephalon is made up of (3)
tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles
58
the rhombencephalon is composed of the ___ and ___
metencephalon, myelencephalon
59
the metencephalon is composed of the ___ and ___
pons, medulla
60
the myelecephalon is another word for the
medulla oblongata
61
how many spinal nerves does a human have
31
62
what is the thickest part of the spinal cord
cervical
63
what is a dermatome
the region of skin innervated by a specific segment of the spinal cord
64
columns contain ___ matter
white matter
65
horns contain ___ matter
gray matter
66
dorsal roots relay ___ info to the ___
sensory, spine
67
ventral roots relay ___ info away from the ___
motor, spine
68
ascending tracts are
sensory
69
descending tracts are
motor
70
descending tracts are only found in the ___ and ___ funiculi
lateral, ventral
70
the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for __ heart rate
increasing
71
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
71
the transverse fissure separates the __ from the ___
cerebrum, cerebellum
72
the precentral gyrus is the primary ___ cortex
motor
72
the postcentral gyrus is the primary ___ cortex
sensorymotor
73
what are the three somatosensory receptors
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors
73
what is the function of lateral inhibition
emphasize eddges and contrast
74
rank A fibers form slowest to fastest
Adelta,Agamma, Abeta, Aalpha
75
what is the function of muscle spindles
detect stretch in muscles
76
this tract crosses contralaterally immediately within the spinal cord
spinothalamic
77
the spinothalamic tract is responsible for detecting (3)
pain, touch, crude touch
78
whcih fiber is responsible for detecting sharp pain
A delta
79
cold detection increases discharge of which fibers
c and a delta
79
which fiber is used to detect aching pain
c fibers
80
heat increases discharge in what type of fiber
c
81
DCML system is responsible for detecting what (3)
discriminitive touch, vibration, 2-point discrimination
82
are epithelial cells neuons
no
83
where are vallate papillae located onthe tongue
back
84
which type of papillae contain the most taste buds
vallate
85
where are foliate papillae located on the tongue
middle
86
where are fungiform papillae located onthe tongue
sides
87
olfaction is the only sense that does not pass through the ___ before reaching the cortex
thalamus
88
which has a longer wavelength: red or white
red
89
longer wavelength = ___ energy
lower
90
the white protective outer layer of the eye
sclera
91
the clear outer layer responsible for protection and refraction
cornea
92
the layer of the eye containing photoreceptors
retina
93
the pigmented layer that determines eye color and regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
iris
94
the pupillary sphincter controls what
constriction of the pupil
95
watery fluid located anterior tothe lens
aqueous humor
96
gelatinous substance located posterior to the lens
vitreous humor
97
cones detect ___, are used in ___ lit conditions, are ___ resolution, and are higher in number near the
color, brightly, higher, center of the retina
98
rods detect ___ , are used in ___ lit conditions, are ___ resolution, and are higher in number near the
light, dimly, low, periphery of the retina
99
what are the structures of the outer ear
pinna and external auditory meatus
100
what are the structures of the middle ear
tympanic membrane and ossicles
101
name the three ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
102
what is the structure of the inner ear involved in the auditory system
cochlea
103
perilymph is high in ___ and low in ___
Na, K
104
endolymph is high in __
K
105
what is the function of the vestibular system
balance
106
what are teh two otolith organs
utricle and saccule
107
whats the function of the otholith organs
detect linear acceleration and head tilt
108
the utricle is sensitive to movement in the ___ plane
horizontal
109
the saccule is sensitive to movement in the ___ plane
vertical
110
what is the function of the semicircular canals
detect head rotation/position
111
what aret he key structures of the semicircular canals
ampulla, cupula, and endolymph
112
fthe gelatinous structure inside the ampulla
cupula
113
the fluid inside the vestibular labrynths
endolymph
114
what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex
reflex that keeps your eyes fixed on a atarget while your head moves
115
what is a motor pool
all the motor neurons that innervate a single muscle
116
what is a motor unit
a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
117
compared to red muscle fibers, white muscle fibers fatigue ___
rapidly
118
Myosin binds to ___ to initiate muscle contraction
actin
119
the prefix rubro- indicates a tract originates in the
red nucleus
120
a tract ending in -bulbar indicates origins in the ___ and ___
pons, medulla
121
lateral pathways are responsibe for ___ ___. The two lateral pathways are the ____ tract and teh ___ tract
voluntary movement, corticospinal, rubrospinal
122
the ventromedial pathways are responsible for ___ and ___. the three pathways are the ___, ___, and ___ tracts
Posture, balance, vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal
123
the vestibulospinal tract is responsible for what (3)
posture, head balance, and head turning
124
the tectospinal tract is responsible for what
orienting response
125
area 4 is called the
primary motor cortex
126
area 6 is called the
premotor cortex
127
the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating
muscle contraction
128
is the cerebellum responsible for initiating voluntary movement?
no
129
this lobe is responsible for muscle tone and posture
anterior
130
this lobe is responsible for motor movements of limbs
posterior
131
this lobe is responsible for posture, balance, and equlibrium
flocconodular
132
the basal ganglia is critical for selecting ___ ___
willed movements
133
parkinsons disease is characterized by a loss of (NT) neurons in the (brain region)
dopaminergic, substantia nigra
134
huntingtons disease is characterized by a loss of (NT) neurons in the (brain region)
GABA, striatum
135
symptoms of parkinsons include (4)
resting tremor, hypokinesia (reduced movement), rigidity, and shuffling gait
136
symptoms of huntingtons include (3)
chorea, hyperkinesia (excess movement), and hemiballismus (involuntary limb movement on one side)
137
lesions to the basal ganglia appear on the ___ side of the body
contralateral
138
lesions to the erebellum appear on the ___ side of the body
ipsilateral
139
the ___ hypothalamus lowers body temperature while the ___ hypothalamus raises body temp
anterior, posterior
140
lesions to the ventromedial nucleus resulsts in
overeating/obesity
141
lesions to the lateral hypothalamus resulsts in
anorexia/starvation
142
what hormones in the pituitary gland come from the neurohypophysis
oxytocin and vasopressin
143
hypovolemic thirst is triggered by what
low blood volume
144
osmotic thirst is triggered by what
hypertonicity (high salt)
145
___ can be released to retain water
vasopressin
146
this brain region is responsible for short term memory, spatial memory, and memory consolidation
hippocampus
147
this lobe is important for consolidation of declarative memory
temporal
148
these regions are important for memories related to motor function
cerebellum and red nucleus
149
this cortex is important for memory of objects and faces
inferotemporal cortex
150
lesions to the medial hypothalamus result in ___ Aggression
affective
151
lesions tot eh lateral hypothalamus result in ___ aggression
predatory
152
lower serotonin = ___ aggression
higher
153
LTP is initiated by the NT ____
glutamate
154
LTP is mediated by ___ and ___ receptros
NMDA, AMPA
155
(t/f) circadian rhythms do not continue if living in complete light/darkness
false
156
whate is a zeitgerber
environmental stimuli that serve as time cues to reset the biological clock
157
examples of zeitgebers include
light, temperatures, odors, tastes, and nutrients/food
158
specialized ganglion cells containing ___ detect light
melanopsin
159
ganglion cells synapse directly onto the ____ nucleus via the ___ tract to induce circadian rhthms
suprachiasmatic, retinohypothalamic
160
the hypocretin/orexin system is responsible for the regulation of ___ and ___
sleep, wakefulness
161
the reticular activating system is associated with ___ and activated by ___
wakefulness, orexin
162
this 39-100Hz rhythm is associated with higher mental activity, consolidation, and deep meditation
gamma
163
this >14-38 Hz rhythm is associated with an activated cortex
beta
164
this 8-13Hz rhythm is associated with a quiet waking state
alpha
165
this 4-7Hz rhythm is associated with deep sleep and deep relaxation
theta
166
this <4 Hz rhythm is associated with deep sleep
delta
167
this neuroimaging technique is a noninvasive measurement of general brain activity and can diagnose epilepsy
EEG
168
this neuroimaging technique uses a strong magnetic field to detect changes in blood flow
fMRI
169
this neuroimaging technique uses gamma rays to show activity
PET
170
this neuroimaging technique uses X-ray and does not show brain activity
CT
171
this neuroimaging technique records small magnetic signals from neural activity
MEG
VIBS 277
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
Exam 2: Spinal Cord and Autonomic System22
-
Exam 2: The Brain and Somatic Sensation42
-
Exam 2: Somatosensory Pathways, Taste, and Smell39
-
Exam 2: The Visual System30
-
The Ear I55
-
Ear II: Vestibular System27
-
Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum55
-
Homeostasis35
-
Motor Unit and Reflex37
-
Direct Motor Pathway22
-
Limbic System33
-
Overview of the Nervous System39
-
Neurocytology19
-
Neuronal Membrans: Ion Channels and Resting Membrane Potential12
-
Action Potential and Propagation16
-
Synapses19
-
Circadian Rhythm35
-
Neurotransmitters17
-
MEGA DECK176
