Memory Flashcards

Question

AO3 evaluation of Baddley's research FOR CODING (Strength

Answer 1

A strength is that it identified two clear memory stores. Although later research showed some exceptions to Baddley's conclusions, the idea that acoustically sounding words are stored in STM and semantic words are stored in the LTM

Answer 2

- Jacob using Digit Span tests on STM - Miller with Chunking

Answer 3

Aim: Procedure: Researcher reads out 4 digits and Ps are asked to recall numbers in order out loud If numbers recalled are done in order, the researcher reads out 5 digits then 6, 7, 8 etc until participants cannot remember the order correctly

Answer 4

results Mean digit = 9.3 Mean letter spam = 7.3 suggesting a finite capacity for short-term memory conclusion short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically between 5 and 9 pieces of information

Answer 5

Miller suggested that capacity of the short term memory is around 7 + or - 2 items Miller also suggested that people can recall more items if they group sets of digits/letters into separate units/chunks

Answer 6

Peterson and Peterson (1959) -> Married pair Behrick et al (1975) -> Long term memory

Answer 7

Aim: Investigate the duration of the STM and how it was affected by interference Procedure: 24 undergraduate students take part in 8 trials (tests) On each trial, the student was given a constinant syllable to remember in addition to a 3 digit number The student was then asked to count backwards from the number until told to stop to prevent rehearsal On each trial, they were told to stop counting after a different amount of time -3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds (AKA THE RETENTION INTERVAL)

Answer 8

% of correct responses decreased as retention intervals increased STM has a very short duration unless we repeat something over and over again - SEE GREEN FOLDER FOR RESULTS ON SCATTER GRAPH

Answer 9

Aim: To investigate how long info could be held in the LTM Procedure: 392 participants selected from Ohio aged 17 - 24 - High School Textbooks obtained. Recall tested in 2 ways: 1. Photo recognition test consisting of 50 photos some of which from Ps yearbook 2. Free recall where participants recalled all names of graduating class

Answer 10

- Participants who were tested within the 15 years after graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition - Recall declined to 70% if recalling after 48 years Free recall was less accurate: 60% accuracy for 15 years after graduation adn 30% after 48 years Conclusion This suggests LTM may last up to a lifetime for some material

Answer 11

previously stored memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Answer 12

- Semantic memory - Procedural memory - Episodic memory

Answer 13

remembering general knowledge about the world NOT tied to personal experience Examples can be - A dog is a certain type of animal - Understanding of math concepts: such as the pythagoras theorem

Answer 14

allows you to recall specific events or experiences from your personal past E.g Birthdays Events Vacations

Answer 15

remembering how to do things, including our memories of learned skills Motor skills and habits Examples are as followed - Riding bikes - Tying shoelaces - Playing instruments

Answer 16

Anxiety has strong emotional and physical effects on human beings It is unclear if it makes eyewitness testimonies better or worse

Answer 17

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body which prevents us paying attention to important cues, so recall is worse

Answer 18

Aim: To see what affects anxiety has on eyewitness testimonies Procedure: - Participants believed they were taking part in a lab study - Participants kept seated in a waiting room and heard a casual conversation from next room over followed by a man walk past them carrying a pen and with grease on his hands. (LOW ANXIETY CONDITION) - Other participants overheard a heated argument, accompanied by the sound of breaking glass. A man walked out of the other room, holding a knife covered in blood. (HIGH ANXIETY CONDITION)

Answer 19

Results The participants later picked out the man from a set of 50 photos, 49% who had seen the man carrying the pen were able to identify him. The corresponding figure for the participants who had seen the man holding the blood-covered knife was 33%. Conclusion The tunnel theory of memory argues that people have enhanced memory for central events. Weapon focus as a result of anxiety can have this effect

Answer 20

Witnessing a stressful event creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body. The fight or flight response is triggered, increasing alertness. This may improve memory for the event as we become more aware of cues in the situation.

Answer 21

Procedure Conducted a study of an actual shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada involving he shop owner shot a thief dead. There were 21 witnesses - 13 took part in the study. They were interviewed four to five months after the incident and these interviews were compared with the original police interviews at the time of the shooting. The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident (on a 7-point scale) and whether they had any emotional problems since the event (e.g. sleeplessness).

Answer 22

Results The witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in accuracy. Some details were wrong however. Participants who were the most stressed got 88% accuracy and lesser stressed participants achieved 75% Conclusion Anxiety doesn't have a detrimental affect on eyewitness testimonies in the real world and may even enhance it

Answer 23

The WMM provides an explanation for parallel processing (i.e. where processes involved in a cognitive task occur at once), unlike Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM. A Shallice and Warrington (1974) case study reported that brain-damaged patient KF could recall visual but not verbal information immediately after its presentation, highlighting the WMM’s claim that separate short-term stores manage short-term phonological and visual memories.

Answer 24

Despite providing more detail of STM than the multi-store model, the WMM has been criticised for being too simplistic and vague, e.g. it is unclear what the central executive is, or its exact role in attention. Results from laboratory experiments researching the WMM will often have low ecological validity (i.e. may not relate to real life), as tasks such as repeating ‘the the the’ are arguably not representative of our everyday activities.

Answer 25

Explicit (conscious) memory Implicit (unconscious) memory

Answer 26

1. Semantic - having knowledge of facts E.g knowing london is the capital city of England 2. Episodic - Events that can occur from a person's life E.g birthdays, declarative memories

Answer 27

Procedural memory This is when our implicit knowledge of tasks that don't require conscious recall to perform them E.g riding a bike -> may struggle at first but gets easier

Memory Flashcards

Coding, Capacity and Duration, STM/LTM, Eye witness testimony (52 cards)