Memory

Question 1

Types of Memory Systems [General, 2]

Answer 1

• Long Term Memory
• Short Term Memory / Working Memory

Question 2

Types of LTM [2]

Answer 2

• Declarative (Explicit) = Effortful, conscious recall
• Non-declarative (Implicit) = Automatic and unconscious recall

Question 3

STM / WM

Answer 3

• Found in prefrontal cortex
• Holds and processes information in the here and now
• relates different concepts and makes sense of info you gain over time

Question 4

Types of Declarative LT Memory

Answer 4

• Episodic
• Semantic

Question 5

Episodic Memory

Answer 5

Personal episodes in time and space

Question 6

Semantic Memory

Answer 6

Facts, meaning, general knowledge about the world

Question 7

Types of Non-declarative LT memory

Answer 7

• Procedural
• Priming and perceptual learning
• Simple classical conditioning
• Non-associative learning

Question 8

Procedural Memory

Answer 8

Skills and habits

Question 9

Priming and perceptual learning

Answer 9

“Don’t think of a white elephant”

Question 10

Simple classical conditioning

Answer 10

Pavlov
–> Connecting 2 external stimuli to a reaction

Question 11

Non-associative Learning

Answer 11

Operant learning, reward and punishment, habitualization and desensitization
–> Stimulus and behavior not connected

Question 12

Brain location of episodic and facts

Answer 12

Midtemporal lobe, hippocampus and amygdala

Question 13

Brain location of emotional activation and conditioning

Answer 13

Amygdala

Question 14

Brain location of working memory

Answer 14

Prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Brain location of actions and skills

Answer 15

Striatum

Question 16

Brain location of posture and learned motor skills

Answer 16

Cerebellum, Basal ganglia

Question 17

Concept Cells

Answer 17

Cells that are very selective and loyal to a single concept and general meaning
- higher level processing
- found in medial temporal lobe
- also called jennifer anniston cells

Question 18

Functions of LTM

(2)

Answer 18

• Make sure that info is stored correctly
• Make sure that that info is accessible

Question 19

Process of processing info into LTM

Answer 19

• Encoding into STM
• Consolidation
• Encoding into LTM
• Retrieval
  DYNAMIC CYCLE

Question 20

Encoding into STM

Answer 20

• Active process
• Relies on attention, engagement, emotion, context and activation of prior knowledge

Question 21

Consolidation

Answer 21

• Through neuroplasticity
• During sleep and breaks

Question 22

Encoding into LTM

Answer 22

• Inactive
• Stores memory

Question 23

Retrieval

Answer 23

• Brings back info from LTM into WM momentarily
• Encodes and consolidates again, so it may change slightly
• May make memory more inaccurate but more solid in ur brain system

Question 24

Storage of memories

Answer 24

• Stored throughout the brain
• So even if a structure is destroyed memories can likely survive
• Over time, LTM stabilizes due to complexity distributio and connectivity amongst cortical regions

Question 25

System Consolidation Definition

Answer 25

The process by which memories are reorganized as time passes --> Makes memories more durable but also may be reshaped

Question 26

Ways to Enhance Memory [9]

Answer 26

- Attention - Integration - Retrieval - Spaced learning - Emotional engagement - Multi-model encoding - Sleep and breaks - Active learning - context and environment

Question 27

Semantic Networks

Answer 27

- Interconnected web of concepts - Begin in temporal lobe but consolidate throughout cortex

Question 28

Conceptual Integration

Answer 28

- New info integrated into existing knowledge structures - Encodes new info and revives old info

Question 29

Semantic-Episodic Interaction

Answer 29

- General knowledge (SEM) provides the framework to construct episodic memories - While episodic memories provide context for learning new semantic info

Question 30

What type of autobiographical thinking is semantic memory related to and why?

Answer 30

- Both memories of the past and hopes for the future are involved - due to survival, motivation, learning from the past - and creating a sense of continuity of self