Meningeal irritation refers to inflammation of the:
A. Brain parenchyma
B. Cerebral ventricles
C. Meninges covering the brain and spinal cord
D. Cranial nerves
C
Which of the following is a common cause of meningeal irritation?
A. Migraine
B. Bacterial meningitis
C. Tension headache
D. Otitis externa
B
Which of the following is NOT a classical sign of meningeal irritation?
A. Kernig’s sign
B. Brudzinski’s sign
C. Nuchal rigidity
D. Babinski sign
D
positive Brudzinski’s sign is demonstrated when passive flexion of the neck causes:
A. Extension of both legs
B. Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees
C. Pain in the lower back
D. Rigidity of the arms
B
Kernig’s sign is elicited by:
A. Flexing the neck
B. Extending the neck
C. Extending the knee while the hip is flexed at 90°
D. Rotating the hip
C
Nuchal rigidity refers to:
A. Inability to rotate the neck
B. Resistance to passive neck flexion
C. Neck swelling
D. Neck muscle paralysis
B
Which of the following conditions can also cause neck stiffness apart from meningitis?
A. Gastritis
B. Peritonsillar abscess
C. Appendicitis
D. Hepatitis
B
Which of the following is a contraindication to performing a lumbar puncture?
A. Fever
B. Headache
C. Evidence of raised intracranial pressure
D. Vomiting
C
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to lumbar puncture?
A. Deep coma
B. Cardiorespiratory instability
C. Infection at LP site
D. Mild fever
D
The renal angle is located between:
A. 10th rib and vertebra
B. 11th rib and pelvis
C. 12th rib and vertebral column
D. 9th rib and sternum
C
Renal angle tenderness is also known as tenderness at the:
A. Iliac angle
B. Costovertebral angle
C. Epigastric angle
D. Pelvic angle
B
Renal angle tenderness is commonly associated with:
A. Appendicitis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Peptic ulcer disease
D. Pancreatitis
B
Which of the following is a cause of renal angle tenderness?
A. Bronchitis
B. Gastritis
C. Kidney stones
D. Otitis media
C
Renal angle tenderness is elicited by:
A. Palpating the abdomen
B. Pressing the epigastrium
C. Gently striking the renal angle with the examiner’s fist
D. Flexing the hip
C
Which of the following investigations is useful in evaluating renal angle tenderness?
A. ECG
B. Endoscopy
C. Urinalysis
D. Spirometry
C
Which of the following conditions can cause meningeal irritation?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
C. Hypertension
D. Asthma
B
Which of the following best describes the procedure for testing Brudzinski’s sign?
A. Passive extension of the neck
B. Flexing the hip and knee
C. Passive flexion of the neck while observing the hips and knees
D. Tapping the renal angle
C
Resistance and pain when extending the knee while the hip is flexed at 90° indicates:
A. Brudzinski’s sign
B. Babinski’s sign
C. Romberg’s sign
D. Kernig’s sign
D
Which of the following conditions may cause renal angle tenderness?
A. Pericarditis
B. Perinephric abscess
C. Peptic ulcer disease
D. Meningitis
B
Renal angle tenderness indicates pathology involving:
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys or surrounding tissues
D. Gallbladder
C
