Nucleotide base
Nucleotide Monomer
How does DNA turn into proteins in a cell?
Transcription - DNA is copied into single stranded RNA
Translation - RNA is decoded to make proteins using ribosomes
Gene
A unit of the cells DNA that encodes a specific protein
What happens if a gene is expressed?
It is transcribed into RNA and then translated into a protein
If a gene is not expressed ______.
No RNA or protein is made.
Types of chromosomal genes in the bacterial genome
Constitutively expressed - Almost always expressed
Inducible - Turned on when needed
Repressible - Turned off when not needed
Types of plasmid genes in the bacterial genome
Not needed for survival
Conjugative - genes for conjugation and sex pilus
Antibiotic resistance - genes for antibiotic resistance
others - nitrogen fixation, oil degredation, defense,
Base pair substitution
Changes 1 base, doesn’t change the mRNA
Frame shift mutation
Inserts or deletes multiple nucleotides, changes downstream protein code
Synonymous mutation
No change in protein
Missense Mutation
Changed amino acids
Nonsense Mutation
Protein translation stopped
Transformation (horizontal gene transfer)
Naked DNA is taken up by a competent bacteria (bacteria that can take up naked DNA)
Conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)
An F+ bacteria touches another bacteria with it’s sex pilus and transfers genetic info to it
Transduction (horizontal gene transfer)
Bacteriophage accidentally takes some bacterial DNA and passes it on to other bacteria
DNA
self-replicating material that is the carrier of genetic information
Genome
the complete set of genetic material, DNA or RNA, in an organism, containing all of its genes and other information
Gene
a fundamental unit of heredity, a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building proteins or functional RNA molecules
what time of macro molecule is DNA
nucleic acid
lac operon
set of genes in E. coli and other bacteria that enables them to transport and metabolize lactose for energy when glucose is unavailable
why do bacteria need horizontal and vertical genetics
vertical transfer (VGT) to pass on traits to their offspring, ensuring species identity and maintaining established genetic information, and for horizontal transfer (HGT) to rapidly acquire new traits from other bacteria
