Microbial Systems Pt 2

Question 1

• Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs
• reproduce both sexually and asexually
• symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria
• diseases in plants and animals
• cell walls of fungi contain chitin

Answer 1

Fungi

Question 2

• often pathogens of plants and animals (athlete’s foot)
• normally are found inside humans, such as Candida albicans, a yeast which lives in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive tracts.
• have reproductive sacs known as asci, which produce sexual spores, but they also reproduce asexually

Answer 2

Ascomycota

Question 3

• basidiomycetes also produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia
• Basidia are usually club-shaped, and basidiomycetes are also known as club fungi
• Mushrooms

Answer 3

Basidiomycota

Question 4

• usually aquatic and microscopic
• usually asexual
• produce spores that move around using flagella, small tail-like appendages
• Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, infection in frogs

Answer 4

Chytrids

Question 5

• make up half of all fungi found in soil
• often form mycorrhizae with plants
• fungi obtain sugars from the plant, and in return, dissolve minerals in the soil to provide the plant with nutrients.
• reproduce asexually

Answer 5

Glomeromycota

Question 6

• mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material
• hyphae of zygomycetes are not separated by septa, making their mycelia essentially one large cell with many nuclei
• reproduce asexually, through spores
• Rhizopus stolonifer, a bread mold

Answer 6

Zygomycota

Question 7

• contain two nuclei of equal size, also contain mitosomes, much reduced mitochondria

Answer 7

Diplomonads

Question 8

• contain a parabasal body, gives structural support to the Golgi complex
• No mitochondria, but w/ hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism
• No introns and has transposable elements

Answer 8

Parabasalids

Question 9

diverse assemblage of unicellular, free-living or parasitic flagellated eukaryotes

Answer 9

EUGLENOZONS

Question 10

• nonpathogenic and phototrophic
• Aquatic
• w/ chloroplast
• Feed bacteria using phagocytosis

Answer 10

Euglenids

Question 11

• kinetoplast, a mass of DNA present
• in their single, large mitochondrion. aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria

Answer 11

Kinetoplastids

Question 12

presence of alveoli, cytoplasmic sacs located just under the cytoplasmic membrane (osmotic balance)

Answer 12

ALVEOLATES

Question 13

• possess cilia, locomotion and capturing of food
• Micronuclei and macronuclei
• Endosymbiotic with archaea in termite hindgut

Answer 13

Ciliates

Question 14

• freshwater phototrophs
• Dinos, spinning movements
• Gonyaulax cells, called “red tides
• potent neurotoxin

Answer 14

Dinoflagelates

Question 15

• obligate parasites
• nonmotile adult stages
• Sporozoites structure, transmission of the parasite to a new host
• contain apicoplasts, degenerate chloroplasts

Answer 15

Apicomplexans

Question 16

• include both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic organisms
• Latin stramen for “straw” and pilus for “hair”

Answer 16

STRAMENOPHILES

Question 17

• oomycetes (“egg fungi”), also called water molds
• coenocytic (that is, multinucleate) hyphae
• distant from fungi and are closely related to other stramenopiles
• oomycetes are typically made of cellulose
• Phytophthora infestans, blight disease of potatoes

Answer 17

Oomycetes

Question 18

• also called chrysophytes
• golden brown due to chlorophyll (fucoxanthin)
• Unicellular marine and freshwater phototrophs
• Chemoorganotrophs/ Feed by phagocytosis
• Two flagella, unequal length

Answer 18

Chrysophyceae

Question 19

• 200 genera of unicellular, phototrophic, microbial eukaryotes
• Frustules, protects the cell against predation, exhibits widely different shapes
• Silica, resistant to decay

Answer 19

Diatoms

Question 20

• mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms
• radial symmetry of their tests
• made of silica and exist in one fused piece
• settle to the ocean floor when the cell dies and build up over time into thick layers of decaying cell material

Answer 20

Radiolarians

Question 21

• Chlorarachniophytes are phototrophic amoeba-like organisms that develop a flagellum for dispersal
• Foraminifera are exclusively marine cercozoa and live primarily in coastal waters
• tests, shell-like structures/ calcium carbonate
• often quite ornate
• resistant to decay and hence are readily fossilized

Answer 21

Cercozoans

Question 22

diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that use lobe-shaped pseudopodia for movement and feeding

Answer 22

AMOEBAZOA

Question 23

• previously grouped with fungi (fruiting bodies w/ spores)
• motile and can move across a solid surface
• leaf litter, logs, and soil (ex. Dictyosteliumdiscoideum)

Answer 23

Slime Molds

Question 24

• are free-living protists that inhabit aquatic and soil environments.
• amoeboid movement, results from streaming of the cytoplasm as it flows forward at the less contracted and viscous cell tip, taking the path of least resistance
• feed by phagocytosis on bacteria

Answer 24

Gymnamoeba

Question 25

- are parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates

Answer 25

Entameoba

Question 26

- are genetic elements that cannot replicate independently of a living cell - Obligate intercellular parasite

Answer 26

Viruses

Question 27

a virus particle

Answer 27

Virion

Question 28

the protein shell that surrounds the genome of a virus

Answer 28

Capsid

Question 29

The subunit of the virus capsid

Answer 29

Capsomere