Microbiome

Question 1

microbiome?

Answer 1

community of microorganisms like bacteria, yeast/fungi, viruses

Question 2

How is the microbiome primarily transmitted?

Answer 2

Mostly from mother to offspring

Question 3

What factors affect the composition of the microbiome?

Answer 3

Age
Environment
Hygiene
Diet
Medications
Co-habitants

Question 4

Where do microbiomes live in the body?

Answer 4

Gut, skin, nasal passages, oral cavity, and vaginal tract.

Question 5

role of microbiome in immune system

Answer 5

allow develop immune tolerance to microbes

Question 6

role of microbiome in wound healing?

Answer 6

activate/deactivate inflammatory responses

Question 7

Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Answer 7

commensal Staph species on the skin

Question 8

why Staphylococcus epidermidis is commensal?

Answer 8

it is coagulase-negative

Question 9

coagulase-negative?

Answer 9

lack of coagulase that cause blood plasma clotting

Question 10

role of Staphylococcus epidermidis in innate immunity?

Answer 10

• limit pathogen invasion
• induce T-cell migration to the epidermis via dendritic cell signaling

Question 11

dysbiosis?

Answer 11

imbalance in the composition of the microbiome

Question 12

What characterizes dysbiosis?

Answer 12

• Reduced microbial diversity
• Decreased beneficial bacteria

Question 13

Is dysbiosis an infection?

Answer 13

No, but it can develop a disease

Question 14

T/F

microbiome helps maintaining pH by producing metabolites

Answer 14

True

Question 15

type of protease that Staphylococcus epidermidis secrete?

Answer 15

serine protease

Question 16

role of serine protease

Answer 16

inhibits formation and destroys pre-formed S. aureus biofilms

Question 17

is S. aureus coagulase negative?

Answer 17

No, it is coagulase positive

Question 18

is S. pseudintermedius coagulase negative?

Answer 18

No, it is coagulase positive

Question 19

Is S. aureus / S. pseudintermedius always pathogenic?

Answer 19

No, they are opportunistic pathogens

Question 20

What condition is S. aureus or S. pseudintermedius commonly associated with?

Answer 20

pyoderma and atopic dermatitis

Question 21

antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 21

natural proteins that defend against microbes

Question 22

functions of antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 22

can do innate and adaptive immune responses

direct anti-microbial activity

Question 23

type of antimicrobial peptides

Answer 23

beta-defesins

cathelicidins

Question 24

role of beta-defesins

Answer 24

• cell recruitment and activation
• wound healing
• coat color
• important defense against staphylococcus

Question 25

Hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 25

More hygienic - less protection against allergies and autoimmunity

Question 26

In cats, oral cavity families are found in skin more than other species. Why?

Answer 26

grooming

Question 27

why does moraxella spp. (oral microbe) predominates in the nostril in dogs?

Answer 27

cauz they lick lick

Question 28

what area has the highest diversity of microbes in dogs?

Answer 28

dorsal nose - cuz they sniff sniff

Question 29

T/F higher diversity in haired skin than mucosal surfaces in dogs.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

in horses, which microbe predominates in autumn and spring

Answer 30

proteobacteria; mainly seen in abdomen, groin, partern due to moisture

Question 31

in horses, which microbe predominates in summer?

Answer 31

firmicutes like Staph. spp. mainly seen in dorsum due to uv exposure

Question 32

T/F microbiome of horses depends on seasons due to daylight cycles

Answer 32

true

Question 33

alpha diversity?

Answer 33

how many diff species live on the skin high means healthy low means dysbiosis

Question 34

probiotic ?

Answer 34

supplement that made up of commensal bacteria

Question 35

prebiotic ?

Answer 35

supplement that made up of beneficial stuff that can be used by commensal bacteria without feeding opportunistic bacteria

Question 36

effects of dysbiosis?

Answer 36

- increase transepidermal water loss - alter skin pH - reduce AMPs

Question 37

main species associated with dysbiosis in canine skin?

Answer 37

staph. pseudintermedius

Question 38

microbiome can be assessed by

Answer 38

1. culturing 2. 16s rRNA next-gen sequencing

Question 39

cons of culturing

Answer 39

1. not sensitive for anaerobes and fastidious organisms (picky and hard to grow) 2. cannot represent the real abundance because some will outgrow the other

Question 40

pros of culturing

Answer 40

can grow colonies and identify species

Question 41

pros of 16s rRNA ?

Answer 41

1. highly conserved region is used for universal primer binding ( all bacteria has this part) 2. hypervariable regions allow to distinguish species (unique seq)