Micronutrition

Question 1

Daily Values

Determined by ___ for a daily diet of ___ calories/day. Originally based on ___ published in 1968

Answer 1

• FDA
• 2,000 calories
• recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)

Question 2

abbreviations

EAR
* the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of ___ of healthy individuals in an age and gender group

Answer 2

estimated average requirement
* 50%

Question 3

abbreviations

RDA
* two standard deviations above the ___
* sufficient to meet the need of nearly all healthy individuals in a group

Answer 3

recommended dietary allowance
* EAR

Question 4

abbreviations

AI
* used when scientific evidence is ___ to set an ___
* approxiations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population

Answer 4

adequate intake
* inadequate, EAR

Question 5

abbreviations

UL
* the __ level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk

Answer 5

tolerable upper intake levels
* maximum

Question 6

Micronutrients are made up of ___ and ___

Answer 6

• vitamins
• minerals

Question 7

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 7

A, D, E, and K

Question 8

water soluble vitamins

Answer 8

B and C

Question 9

macrominerals

Answer 9

Ca2+, Mg2+

Question 10

trace minerals

Answer 10

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, and selenium

chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron

Question 11

T or F: only B6 and B12 are still refered to by the number

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Vitamin A

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
* produced from ___ (organic pigments in plants)
* Δ11-cis-retinal reversibly associated with opsins and function as ___ sensor
* vitamin A deficinecy may cause ___

Answer 12

• carotenoids
• light
• night blindness

Question 13

Vitamin A

Retinoic acid function as ___ hormones, regulating cell growth and differentiation
* associates with ___ receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)
* carotenoids are effective __; may reduce the risk of ___
* stored in the liver as retinol ___
* dietray sources: ___ and ___ veggies, liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk
* Deficiency is rare, but ___ % of americans consume less than ___ of the RDA

Answer 13

steroid
* nuclear
* antioxidants; cancers
* dark green and yellow
* 40-60%, 2/3

Question 14

Vitamin D

• functions as ___ hormones maintaining ___ homeostasis
• synthesized from an intermediate in ___ biosynthesis
• produced ___ in the skin
• deficiency: ___ in young children and ___ in adults
• dietary sources: vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, and egg yolk

Answer 14

• steroid, calcium
• cholesterol
• photochemically
• rickets, osteomalacia

Question 15

Vitamin E

• occurs in the diet as ___ and ___
• naturally occuring ___ protecting ___ fatty acids
• accumulate in circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes, and fat deposits
• reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by preventing oxidation of ___
• the oxidized form of LDL is ___
• dietary cources: vegtable ___ rich in poly ___ fatty acids
• Deficiency is rare

Answer 15

• tocopherols and tocotrienols
• antioxidanrs, unsaturated
• LDL
• atherogenic
• oil, unsaturated

Question 16

Vitamin K

• required for post-translational modification of ____ acid residues to γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues.
• carboxyglutamic acids allow proteins to bind ___ and ___
• essential for blood ___ ; Example ___
• essential for bone ___ ; ___

Answer 16

• glutamic
• Ca2+ and hydroxyapatite
• clotting, prothrombin
• mineralization; osteocalcin

Question 17

Vitamin K

• in carboxylation reaction, vitamin K is converted to an inactive ___ form
• regeneration of the active form requires vitamin k epoxide ___

Warfarin
* anticoagulant, vitamin K ___
* prevents ___
* inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

Dietary sources
* Vitamin K1 in ___ vegetables
* Vitamin K2 is synthesized by intestinal ___
* deficiency is rare

Answer 17

• epoxide
• reducatse
• antagonist
• thrombosis
• green
• bacteria

Question 18

Thiamin (B1)

• rapidly converted to thiamin ___ and thiamin ___
• thiamin pyrophosphate functions as a ___ in enzymatic catalysis
• thiazole ring forms a carbanion (strong ___ ). Ex: pyruuvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to ___
• thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve ___ in peripheral nerve membranes
• severe thiamin deficiency is known as ___ , characterized by muscular ___ and ___
• may occur in populations relying on ___ rice or alcoholics

Answer 18

• pyrophosphate, triphosphate
• cofactor
• nucleophile
• acetyl CoA
• impulses
• beriberi, atrophy, weakness
• polished

Question 19

Riboflavin B2

• precursor of cofactors used in many redox reactions ___ and ___
• deficiency is very rare; angular cheilitic, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis
• seen in chronic ____
• dietary source: milk, eggs, and ___ products

Answer 19

• FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
• FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
• alcoholics
• cereal

Question 20

Niacin B3

• nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were rebranded as ___ and ___
• converted to cofactors ___ and ___
• electron acceptors or ___ donors
• essential in ___ reactions and cellular ___
• ___ is also used for ADP-ribosylation
• severe deficency is known as ____ ; dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
• rare; primarily seen in ___ , patients with severe ___ , and elderly on restricted diets
• rich in meats, ___, and enrished cereals

Answer 20

• niacin and niacinamide
• NAD, NADP
• hydrogen
• redox, respiration
• NAD
• pellagra
• alcoholics, malabsorption
• peanuts

Question 21

Pyridoxine B6

• exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in diet
• converted to a cofactor pyridoxal ___
• transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism
• synthsis of neurotransmitters and ___
• mild deficiency: irritability, nervousness, and ___
• severe deficiency: peripheral neuropathy and ___
• rich in meat, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals
• significant fraction of US consumes less than recommended intake

Answer 21

• phosphate
• sphingolipids
• depression
• convulsions

Question 22

Biotin B7

• cofactor for activation of ___ in carboxylase enzymes. Ex: acetyl-CoA carboxylase converting acetyl-CoA to ___
• ___ bound to lysine side chains in enzymes
• Deficiency is rare; may occur if raw ___ is consumed regularly; avidin forms tight complex with biotin
• pregnant women tend to have a high risk of biotin deficiency

Answer 22

• carbon dioxide, malonyl-CoA
• raw egg whites

Question 23

Folic acid (B9)

• converted to ___ , a one carbon carrier in enzyme reactions
• used in the synthesis of amino acids and ___
• essential for ___ synthesis and cellular proliferation; deficiency inhibits this
• produces abnormal red blood cells ( ___ )
• increases the risk of birth defects, especially ___ defect
• common in ___

Answer 23

• tetrahydrofolate
• nucleotides
• DNA
• anemia
• neural tube
• alcoholics

Question 24

Cobalamin B12

• contains ___ in a coordination state of six
• exists as a complex with ___
• required for ___ reactions in humans
  1. ___ synthase (homocysteine to ___ )
  2. methylmalonyl-CoA ___ (methylmalonyl-CoA to ___ - CoA)
• when insufficient, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid accumulate which causes ___ and ___ damage
• deficiency is rare except patients with severe ___ diseases and long term ___

Answer 24

• Co
• proteins
• 2
• methionine, methionine
• mutase, succinyl
• anemia and neurological
• malabsorptive, vegetarians

Question 25

# Vitamin C * ___ acid (means without scurvy) * functions as a cofactor for several ___ * required for hydroxylation of ___ and ___ side chains, which is necessary for ___ stability * proper collagen stability is essential for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing, and ___ formation * nonenzymatic ___ agent * aids in absorption of iron by reducing it to ___ in the stomach * protects vitamin ___ , ___ and some ___ vitamins from ___

Answer 25

* ascorbic * oxidases * lysine, proline, collagen * bone * reducing * Fe2+ * A, E, B, oxidation

Question 26

# Vitamin C Deficiency Mild (capillary ___ ) * easy bruising * decreased immunocompetence Severe ( ___ ) * decreased wound healing * osteoporosis * hemorrhaging * anemia

Answer 26

* fragility * scurvy

Question 27

T or F: smokers require more vitamin C

Answer 27

True

Question 28

# Calcium * make ___ that serve as reservoir * serves as ___ messenger * essential for blood ___ and muscle ___ * dietary insufficiency results in net loss of Ca2+ from the ___ * vitamin ___ is required for optimal Ca2+ utilization * exercise facilitates bone ___

Answer 28

* bones * second * coagulation, contractility * bones * D * formation

Question 29

# Calcium deficiency * resembles vitamin ___ deficiency * contributes to ____ * mild: muscle ___ * low income children and adult fmales do not consume adequate calcium * found in: dairy, nuts, beans, seeds, and sweaweeds

Question 30

T or F: achieveing maximum bone density from age 10-35 is critical for reducing the risk of osteoporosis later

Answer 30

True

Question 31

# Iron * component of heme, ___, and non-heme iron proteins * required for ___ transport, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune defense * iron homeostats tightly regulated due to it being extremely ___ * free iron generates free ___ * normally sequestered in the cell by ___ and in the blood by ___ * iron-deficiency anemia is widespread in children and ___ females

Answer 31

* cytochromes * O2 * toxic * radicals * ferritin, transferrin * menstruating

Question 32

# Trace metals Iodine * synthesis of ___ hormones * found in ___ * deficiency was endemic in ___ populations * Goiter - enlargement of the ___ gland * Cretinism - severely stunted physical and ___ growth * routinely added to ___

Answer 32

* thyroid * seafood (fish/seaweed) * inland * thyroid * mental * table salt

Question 33

# Trace minerals Zinc * required for ___ and ___ proteins * deficiency in children results in poor growth and ___ development * deficiency may cause poor wound healing, dermatitis, and impared ___ function

Answer 33

* metalloenzymes, zinc finger * sexual * immune

Question 34

# Trace minerals Copper * required for many enzymes such as ___ (necessary for ___ cross linking) * defiecinecy may cause anemia, bone ___, and blood vessel ___

Answer 34

* lysyl oxidase, collagen * demineralization, fragility

Question 35

# Trace minerals Selenium * found in around 25 ___ in humans * these proteins can contain ___ residues which are incorporated during ___ * selenocystyl-tRNA binds to ___ codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3' ___ region * deficiency is rare

Answer 35

* selenoproteins * selenocysteine, translation * UGA, untranslated