Operant conditioning
- skinner
- manipulating antecedents and consequences.
- explains the relationship between environmental events and actions.
- learning process in which behaviour is controlled by its consequence.
- modify behaviour through punishment and reinforcement.
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- extinction
- stimulus control - stimuli that proceed behaviour
Establishing operations
- events that affect the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer.
- effect of a reinforcer may be different at a particular time or in different situations.
Eg dog just ate. Reduces value of treat
Reinforcement
Punishment
Stimulus control
Reinforcement - increases likelihood of a behaviour
Punishment - decreases likelihood of a behaviour
Stimulus control - controlling stimuli that precedes a behaviour
Escape conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Escape conditioning
- negative stimulus is removed after the event.
- get away from aversive
- go inside when it’s raining
- get away from aversive
Avoidance conditioning
- occurs before aversive event has occurred
“No” followed by correction
Schedules of reinforcement
- which response will be reinforced and how often
Intermittent vs continuous
Fixed or variable
- Ratio - number of responses
- interval
- duration - how long a behaviour is engaged in
Limited hold
Window of time to perform a behaviour
- builds quick responses
Establishing operations
Understanding which reinforcers are effective at a particular time and in a particular situation.
- motivation
- deprivation
- Satiation.
Reinforcement summary
- reinforcers must be identified and delivered on appropriate schedule
- training is complete when reinforcers have been faded and conditioned reinforcers established.
Response cost
Withholding reinforcer for unacceptable performance
Stimulus control
Putting behaviour on cue
Antecedents
Behaviour
Consequence
Stimulus discrimination
Behaviour is reinforced when a specific stimulus is present
Eg harness in SAR
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations to desired behaviour
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
- reflexes, biology
- reflexive behaviours- anxiety, fears, phobias
- a neutral stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned stimulus - treat
- unconditioned response - salivation
- conditioned stimulus- shaking treat box
- conditioned response - salivation when box is shaken
- habituation - have a less negative reaction to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
- counter conditioning - negatively conditioned stimulus paired with a reinforcer. - counters effects of previous learning aversive
- systematic desensitization
- flooding.
