Midterm 1

Question 1

natural selection

Answer 1

environment “selects” traits for population (survival of the fittest)

Question 2

descent w/ modification

Answer 2

common ancestors, but organisms have to adapt to different environments over time

Question 3

emergent properties

Answer 3

new properties that arise each step up the biological hierarchy of life (b/c of increasingly complex specialized arrangements)

Question 4

binomial naming parts

Answer 4

Genus and specific epithet

Question 5

phylogenic tree

Answer 5

branching diagram that shows hypothesized evolutionary history of a group of organisms (does NOT imply sequence)

Question 6

systems biology

Answer 6

studying biology by looking at how to parts interact with e/o in a system

Question 7

requirements of life (3)

Answer 7

1. reproduction
2. metabolism
3. growth

Question 8

what are the essential elements?

Answer 8

CHON

Question 9

trace elements

Answer 9

elements req. only in minute quantities

Question 10

radioactive isotopes

Answer 10

unstable isotope, nucleus decays (tends to lose subatomic particles–like neutrons and protons) spontaneously

Question 11

inert

Answer 11

full valence shell + chemically unreactive

Question 12

ionic bond

Answer 12

complete transfer of electrons –> anion+cation and sharing a close bond

Question 13

covalent bond

Answer 13

sharing electrons bond

Question 14

cohesion

Answer 14

“sticky” water on other substances (potentially super strong) –> surface tension

Question 15

adhesion

Answer 15

water “sticky” to itself

Question 16

endosymbiosis

Answer 16

specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger host cell long ago

Question 17

cis-trans isomers

Answer 17

carbons bond to same atoms BUT differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds (don’t permit rotation)

cis- on the same side
trans- on opposite sides

Question 18

enantiomers

Answer 18

isomers mirror images of e/o due to asymmetric carbon
“left” vs “right” hand

Question 19

hydroxl group

Answer 19

attract water molecules –> dissolve
-OH

Question 20

carbonyl group

Answer 20

end of molecule: aldehyde
w/in molecule: ketone
>C=O

Question 21

carboxyl group

Answer 21

acidic (-COOH)
C=O
|
O-H

Question 22

amino group

Answer 22

base/basic, usually + charge
-NH2

Question 23

sulfhydryl group

Answer 23

stabilizes structure by cross-linking w/ other -SH

Question 24

process of reacting ATP

Answer 24

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi

Question 25

dehydration/condensation reaction

Answer 25

2 molecules covalently bond and form a water molecule

Question 26

hydrolysis

Answer 26

breaks bonds between 2 molecules with the consumption of water

Question 27

disaccharide

Answer 27

2 monosaccharides joined by *glycosidic linkage* (covalent bond btwn 2 monosacc. via dehydration reaciton)

Question 28

2 main functions of polysaccharides

Answer 28

1. storage 2. building material for protection/structure

Question 29

starch (function, types of linkages)

Answer 29

storage in plants; ⍺ linkages of glucose

Question 30

glycogen (function, types of linkages)

Answer 30

storage in animals; extensively branched; in liver and muscle of animals; ⍺ linkages of glucose (animals' starch)

Question 31

cellulose (function, types of linkages)

Answer 31

- structural in plants; ß linkages of glucose - straight, connect to //s --> microfibrils

Question 32

placement of ⍺ and ß bonds

Answer 32

⍺ -OH group *below* #1 carbon => helix ß -OH group *above* #1 carbon => alternating + pleated, //

Question 33

chitin (function, types of linkages)

Answer 33

structural; ß of amino sugar monomers, fungal cell walls + exoskeletons of all arthropods

Question 34

trigylcerides (structure, function, and bonds)

Answer 34

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids; energy storage; ester bonds (OH from glycerol + carboxyl from fatty acid) + NO H-bonds

Question 35

phospholipids (structure, function, and bonds)

Answer 35

head: phosphate + glycerol; two fatty acid tails; make up PM/cell membrane; hydrophobic + hydrophilic interactions

Question 36

steroid cholesterol (structure, function)

Answer 36

3 hexose + pentose + fatty acid; ONLY IN ANIMALS; regulate temperature + fluidity of PM

Question 37

4 structure levels of proteins

Answer 37

primary (intra. peptide backbone) secondary (inter. ⍺/ß H-bonds between peptide backbone) tertiary (inter. btwn side chains: polar/hydrogen, hydrophobic/van der Waals, ionic, disulfide bridge) quaternary (inter. btwn sub-units of protein)

Question 38

intramolecular bond between amino acids

Answer 38

peptide bond (amino + carboxyl)

Question 39

intramolecular bond between nucleic acids

Answer 39

phosphodiester bond (3' hydroxyl + 5' phosphate)