Midterm 2

Question 1

vesicle

Answer 1

fluid-filled compartments enclosed by membrane-like structure; form spontaneously when lipid/organic molecules added to water

Question 2

cyanobacteria

Answer 2

single-celled photosynthetic bacteria; gave rise to chloroplasts helped organisms adapt to oxygen revolution

Question 3

serial endosymbiosis

Answer 3

mitochondria evolved before plastids through series of events

Question 4

early earth conditions (7)

Answer 4

• no free oxygen
• methane
• ammonia
• water vapor
• H2 (g)
• Hydrogen sulfide
• CO2

Question 5

Miller-Urey experiment

Answer 5

replicated early earth conditions -> abiotic synthesis of amino acids + RNA

Question 6

proteobacteria

Answer 6

ancestors of aerobic bacteria that became mitochondria

Question 7

evolution endosymbiosis

Answer 7

1. endosymbiosis of mitochondria
2. endosymbiosis of chloroplast
   after evolution of metabolic pathway

Question 8

evolution of metabolic pathway

Answer 8

1. Photosynthesis (PSN)
2. Aerobic Cellular Respiration (RSP)
3. Glycosis

Question 9

overall evolution to eukaryotes

Answer 9

1. photosynthesis
2. aerobic cellular respiration
3. mitochondria
4. chloroplast

Question 10

free ribosomes

Answer 10

make proteins destined for the nucleus; in cytoplasm

Question 11

bound ribosomes

Answer 11

make ribosomes destined for secretion OR in rough ER membrane pouch; on rough ER or nuclear envelope

Question 12

nucleus functions (2) + components (3)

Answer 12

Functions
1. house DNA
2. site of RNA synthesis
Components
1. nuclear envelope
2. chromatin
3. nucleolus (begins ribosome synthesis)

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions
rough (1)
smooth (3)

Answer 13

rough:
- production of membrane + proteins (anabolic)

smooth:
- storage of Ca 2+ ions
- metabolism of carbohydrates
- detox of drugs + poisons

Question 14

golgi apparatus functions (3)

Answer 14

• receives proteins + lipids from rough ER
• modification of proteins
• package proteins into vesicles for export

Question 15

lysosome functions (2)

Answer 15

• carry digestive enzymes
• digest/destroy food, bacteria
• autophagy- lysosome engulf damaged organelles (recycle)

Question 16

vacuoles + vesicles function (1)

Answer 16

store water (products), pigments, poisons

Question 17

peroxisome function (3)

Answer 17

• break down fatty acids + hydrogen peroxide
• synthesize cholesterol
• detox of harmful substances

Question 18

endomembrane system functions (2) + components (8)

Answer 18

• function: system of cell products moving around cell in orderly fashion; allows multicellularity + cell specialization
• components: nuclear envelope, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, PM

Question 19

turgid

Answer 19

water pushes against plant cell walls

Question 20

plasmolysis

Answer 20

plant wilting (cell hypotonic/surrounding hypertonic)

Question 21

sodium-potassium transport protein

Answer 21

2 Na+ exit, 3 K+ enter
-ATP transfers phosphate group onto protein –> Na+ out
-protein releases phosphate group –> K+ enters

Question 22

active transport

Answer 22

ATP driven (requires) + specialized transport protein; generates concentration gradient by going moving against it

Question 23

cell signaling stages (3)

Answer 23

1. reception: ligand aka “key” fits into specific, complementary receptor
2. transduction: converts changes in receptor to a form that goes through signal transduction pathway
3. (cellular) response: something happens in the cell

Question 24

simple diffusion (6)

Answer 24

type of passive transport of small, nonpolar molecules
1. O2
2. CO2
3. ethanol
4. steroids
5. fatty acids
6. nitric oxide (NO)

Question 25

facilitated diffusion (definition) + types of signaling (2 main) + types of transport (3)

Answer 25

- requires transport proteins and follow concentration gradient types of signaling -ligand-gated: "key" molecule -voltage-gated: membrane potential -mechanically gated: physical (pressure) -light-gated -temperature (don't really need to know) type of transport - channel proteins- rushes of molecules in/out - carrier protein- individual, one-at-a-time - osmosis (via protein aquaporin)

Question 26

concentration gradient is ___

Answer 26

vector (has direction and magnitude) AND physical force

Question 27

process of carrier protein (4)

Answer 27

**carrier protein** a. molecule has high affinity to specific binding spot via non-covalent bonds b. once bonded, protein changes shape --> affinity gone c. molecule moves along gradient d. shape returns, molecule is let out to other side

Question 28

factors that change rate of [simple] diffusion (4)

Answer 28

- level of membrane saturation (sat vs unsat) - size of molecules - temperature - strength of concentration gradient

Question 29

types of cell signaling (5)

Answer 29

- paracrine (local) - synaptic (nerve cell) - autocrine (self-signaling) - endocrine/hormonal (long distance via bloodstream) - action potential (rapid wave of voltage change) (electrical --> chem --> elect)

Question 30

3 types of cell response

Answer 30

- nuclear --> ∆ gene expression - cytoplasmic --> ∆ metabolic response - ∆ membrane potential --> ion channels open

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

engulf large, solid molecules via vesicle

Question 31

pinocytosis

Answer 31

engulf fluids + small particles via vesicle

Question 32

T/F: exocytosis + endocytosis don't require ATP

Answer 32

FALSE; exocytosis + endocytosis DO require ATP

Question 33

catabolic reactions (release/consume) energy and make molecules more (simple/complex)

Answer 33

release; simple

Question 34

anabolic reactions (release/consume) energy and make molecules more (simple/complex)

Answer 34

consume; complex

Question 35

cofactors

Answer 35

bind to enzymes + initiate transition state (organic + inorganic--ions)

Question 36

coenzyme

Answer 36

organic molecules that add/remove chemical groups from enzyme

Question 37

prosthetic groups

Answer 37

covalently bonded non-amino acid complexes of enzymes

Question 38

3 factors of enzyme denaturation

Answer 38

- pH - temperature - pressure

Question 39

allosteric regulation

Answer 39

noncompetitive [enzyme] inhibitors that cause the protein to change shape

Question 40

microtubules (description + 3 functions)

Answer 40

dimer w/ alpha+beta-tubulin, hollow tubes -cell shape, motility, chromosome movement in division, organelle movements

Question 41

intermediate filaments (description + 3 functions)

Answer 41

fibrous proteins coiled into cables -cell shape, anchorage of nucleus + organelles, formation of nuclear lamina

Question 42

microfilaments/actin filaments

Answer 42

intertwined 2 strands of actin -cell shape, motility, ∆cell shape, muscle contractions, animal cell division

Question 43

animal cell junctions (3)

Answer 43

- tight: pressed close together + bound by proteins (water-tight) - anchoring/desmosomes: fastens into strong sheets w/ intermediate filaments -gap/communicating: cytoplasmic channels "pores" between adjacent cells (like plant plasmodesmata)