PSYC 2650 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Appraisal (Primary)

A

Assess whether the stressor is harmful or helpful

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2
Q

Appraisal (Secondary)

A

decide how best to deal with the stressor based on assessment

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3
Q

Behavioural Plasticity

A

the ability to adjust behaviour in response to changes in the environment or its own experience, allowing for adaptation and fine tuning of actions w/in lifetime

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4
Q

Behavioural Reaction Norm

A

a suite of behavioral phenotypes produced by a single individual when exposed to a given set of enviro conditions

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5
Q

Beh. Reaction Norm Evolutionary Perspective

A

might be more relvent to consider behavioural responses of an individual over an enviro gradient (situations)

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6
Q

Behavioural Reaction Norm (Graph)

A

Graph 1: offspring begging intensity (y), parental proversion (x)= behaviour remaind stable, lack of beh. plasticity
Graph 2: dispersal beh.(y), wind speed (x)= moderate plasticity, increase wind= learning
Graph 3: anti pred beh. (y), pred risk (x)= respond diff, high beh plasticity

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7
Q

Beh Reaction Norm
(Inter and Intra)

A

inter-individual and intra-individual variance in beh is meaningful
- not statistical noise

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8
Q

Behavioural Syndrome

A

across context correlations
- property of a population

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9
Q

Behavioural Syndrome (Individual)

A

related behaviours covary within individuals and across contexts
- comparing an individual across contexts/situations

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10
Q

Behavioural Syndrome (population)

A

correlation b/n x and y, vary together at this level
- comparing idividuals w/in a given population

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11
Q

Behavioural Syndrome (species)

A

recent constructs (breeds of dogs) signify correlations with traits and certain breed
- working dogs= correlations with playfulness and aggressiveness
-comparing within a species

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12
Q

Behavioural Syndrome (genus)

A

comparing species within a given genus

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13
Q

Behavioural Type

A

within context correlations
- property of an individual

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14
Q

Body Height

A

genetic and enviro factors
wealth associated with height
parents cannot determine offpsring height, but siblings can
86% of height variation can be explained by genetics
protein and agriculture diets shrunk average height

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15
Q

Character

A

collection of morally oriented psychological traits which define their ethical stance and shape their consistent behaviour patterns

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16
Q

Context VS Situation

A

Context: functional category in which in which behaviours occur
Situation: ecological or social condition at a particular time or place

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17
Q

Coping Strategies

A

Emotion-Focused: directed at decreasing emotional stress
Problem-Focused: directed at the stressor

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18
Q

Coping Style

A

behavioural and physiological stress responses in reaction to everyday challenges in the natural habitat

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19
Q

Delay of Gratification

A

postponing a reward; inhibit the impulse
SS/LL (smaller sooner, larger later)

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20
Q

Domestication Syndrome

A

Belayev: behavioural and morphological traits observed
-personality (tameness), physiology and morphology
-“cute package”= floppy ears, rounder faces

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21
Q

Differential Psychology

A

study of observable differences between individuals in terms of underlying psychological determinants
- has lacked in evolving theory (ignored)

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22
Q

Five Factor Model

A

scientific model of personality that describes human traits along five broad dimensions

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23
Q

Openness

A

Engagement in novel actions and ideas
Benefits: material and social gains
Costs: risks from social/natural enviro, unusual beliefs, psychosis

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24
Q

Conscientiousness

Study These Flashcards
A

Engagement in task-related endeavors
Benefits: material gains, reduced risks
Costs: missed opportunities, obsessionality, rigidity

25
Extroversion
Engagement in social endeavors Benefits: mating success, social allies, opportunities Costs: financial/physical risks, family instability
26
Agreeableness
tolerance, compliance, compassion, alturism Benefits: adaptation for maternal care, gains from cooperation Costs: subject to social cheating, failure to maximize selfish advantage
27
Neuroticism
Sensitivity to negative emotions (volatility and withdrawl) Benefits: vigilance to danger, adaptation for maternal care Costs: pathological stress, depression
28
Fluctuating Optimum
ideal levels of a trait vary across places and time in the past - evolved the ability to adapt
29
Frequency Dependence
the advantages of doing what most others are (not) doing - individual in comparison to how freq traits are in other people - being in the minority - focusing on rare phenotypes and making them more adaptive
30
Frustration Test
evaluate self control, temporal discounting (delaying gratification)
31
Functional Co-variation of Traits
describes how different biological traits tend to vary together in a patterned way due to their shared functional or developmental underpinnings
32
Gene-culture coevaluation
human genes and culture evolve in a reciprocal process over long periods of time - ex. herding and milking. yoghurt, cheese, kumis all have lower lactose amounts. had pastorlists developed these items sooner, lactase wouldnt be able to persist
33
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm: sns, fight or flight Resistance: coping with current stressor, diseases of adaptation; body can only cope with so much at a time Exhaustion: burnout, health decline
34
HPA Axis
neuroendocrine system that helps regulate stress response and maintain bodily homeostasis - hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland
35
Intraspecifc Variation
observable differences because of genetics/environment - Adaptive value (function) (why does it exist)
36
Intraspecific Variation in the context of Darwinian evolution
1. potential for exponential growth of pops 2. observed steady-state stability of pops 3. resources are limited (food, water, shelter), predators - Inference 1: ecological competition 4. Uniqueness in individual, var. in phenotypes - inference 2: variation in individual fitness, differential in survival and reproduction 5. inheritance of the individual variation - inference 3: throughout generations= evolution
37
Lactase Persistence
adaptive advantage
38
History of Lactase Persistance
agricultural revolution, turn to cattle, increase in dairy products, constructed niches, some adults were able to digest lactose into adulthood - increased food security and promoted technological innovation
39
Marshmellow Test
self control test
40
Natural Selection
one-way/deterministic evolutionary process - individuals are passive when facing their enviro
41
Nature and Nurture
which has a bigger role in inter-variation? -50/50 - adoption studies is one of the best ways
42
Niche Construction
two-way/reciprocal evolutionary process - individuals are active in their enviro
43
Niche Constructor
individuals as 'ecological engineers'
44
Normal Distribution
bell curve mean, median, mode are all the same value 68, 95, 99.7 rule
45
Ontogeny
developmental processes, heritability, parental influences
46
Pastoralist
the cultural practive of dairy farming created strong selective presses in which genetics factors enhancing lactase persistence have been favoured
47
Phenotype
a set of observable characteristics - phenotypic variation across individuals (morphology) - trait variation covers both biological and psychological features-- from micro to macro
48
Proactive VS Reactive
behavioral stress responses offensiveness towards rivals (competitive), frustration tests, impulsivity, risktaking, novelty seeking Proactive= high =bold Reactive= low =shy
49
Self-Control
the ability to control ones emotions and desires
50
Self Efficacy Expectancy
a person's beleif they can successfully perform an activity and get their desired outcome
51
Social Styles in Macaques (Gr 1)
Japanese Macaque - despotic - high intensity aggression - low counter aggression -low reconciliation - hierarchical (one leader)
52
Social Styles in Macaques (Gr 4)
Tonkean Macaque - egalitarian - low intensity aggression - high counter aggression - high reconciliation
53
Functional Covariation between Aggression and Reconciliation
uncertainty during/after conflicats makes reconciliation more likely
54
Sources of Genetic Variation
Mutation: create new alleles Sexual Reproduction: shuffling existing genes into new combinations Gene Flow: introduces genetic material from other populations
55
Standard Variation
how spread out data is from the mean
56
Stress
your body's natural physical, mental, and emotional reaction to pressure or a demand from a situation, event, or internal thought
57
Tinbergen's 4 Causes of Behaviour
Ontogeny: development Mechanisms: neuroendocrine bases Functions: fitness consequences Evolution: phylogeny
58
Transactional Model of Stress
Emotional Experience- anger, fear, anxiety depression Physiological Response- fight or flight Behavioural Response- what the person actually does Cognitive Response- what the person thinks (may use defense mechanisms, re-appraisal, etc)
59
Transient Lactose Intolerance
occurs when an underlying issue damages the small intestine's ability to produce the enzyme lactase, leading to a temporary reduction in lactose digestion
PSYC 2650
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