PSYC 2650 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gordon Allport

A

devoted 1 chapter of his book to describe 50 definitions of personality (there should be a clear definition before any discussion)
- eliminated any discussion of character
- excluded evaluation of social effectiveness of behaviour

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2
Q

Gordon Allport Quote

A

character is personality evaluated, and personality is character devaluated

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3
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

assess whether a stressor is harmful or helpful
- judgements made by a person: factor analysis (threat), situational (complexity), and personal (values)

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4
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

decide how best to deal with a stressor based on the assessment
- coping strategies

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5
Q

ARC Personality Types

A

Asendorpf, Robins, Caspi
- Resilient: self confident, self directed, emotionally stable, energetic
- Overcontrolled: emotionally brittle, sensitive, introverted, tense but dependable
- Undercontrolled: stubborn, physically active, disobedient, impulsive

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6
Q

ARC Research

A

Internalizing Emotions: R= low, O= high, U= medium
Externalizing Emotions: R= low, O= low, U= high

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7
Q

Problem with ARC

A

replicability and validity. hard to replicate because OG used small sample size

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8
Q

Character (Moral Philosophy)

A

not a volitional aspect of personality but an ethical concept
- the learn, psychosocial influences on personality

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9
Q

Character Etymology

A

engraving/stamping tool; enduring, unique marks that life etches on the psyche

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10
Q

Character (Psychological defenses and Coping Mechanisms)

A

what the person wants, how they will get it, and whether or not they will succeed

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11
Q

Positive Character (Moral)

A

fits in with society
- Good Character: establishes a good reputation. maintains virtuous behaviour beyond initial interactions
- Lesser Character: hides impulses, motives, and interests that may not be approved by others. unable/unwilling to inhibit darker impulses or motives

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12
Q

Psychological Character

A

is described and evaluated/judged and sanctioned by the local culture on (un)desirable traits

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13
Q

Researchers and Personality

A
  • Personality psychologists, psychoanalysts, behaviourists: less focus on character, character needs to be value free; objective
  • Counsling/organizational psychologists, life coaches: high focus on character, character needs values, morality; subjective
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14
Q

Coping Strategies

A
  • Emotion focused: disengaged, non directed
  • Problem focused: engaged, directed, adaptive
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15
Q

Coping Style

A

behavioural and physiological stress responses in reaction to everyday challenges in the natural habitat

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16
Q

General Activity Levels

A

part of temperment
- high= need movement, is active
- low= quiet, calmer activities

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Hans Selye. our stress response system defends, then fatigues.
1. Alarm: sympathetic NS physiologically aroused, fight or flight
2. Resistance: coping with current stressor. Disease of adaptation (high BP, illness); the body can only cope with so much at a time
3. Exhaustion: burnout, health deteriorates

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18
Q

General Emotional Reactivity

A

the intensity and speed of emotional responses to stimuli, influencing how individuals experience and express their emotions

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19
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal neuroendocrine system activated by stress

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20
Q

Humoural Theory

A

earliest personality theory
- based on medical beleif of 4 humours. People were classified according to their own ‘general dispositions’
- Yellow (choleric; aggressive), Black (melancholic; pessimistic), Phlegm (phlegmatic; sluggish), Blood (sanguine; cheerful)

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21
Q

MBTI Personality Types

A

Carl Jung DID NOT generate the mbti
- each combination (E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P) has a unique type

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22
Q

Problems with MBTI

A

poor reliability and validity
- trouble with external validity; cannot generalize beyond study environment

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23
Q

Locus of Control

A

Julian Rotter. An individual’s beleifs that the consequences of their actions are primarily controlled by:
- internal (personal) variables
- external (environmental) variables
- people with an internal LoC tend to work harder than those with an external LoC

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24
Q

Personality Traits

A

stable psychological disposition, inferred from behaviour, that the person shows overtime and across contexts/situations
- attribute centered approach
- vary in degree
- traits are better to differentiate people than types

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25
Personality Triangle
interaction of 3 neurotransmitters (Serotonin, Dopamine, GABA) - Dopaminergic System: fine motor control, sequential thought, anticipation of pleasure, novelty seeking - Serotonergic System: sleep onset, depression/anxiety, aggressiveness, impulsivity
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Personality Type (definition)
the overarching configuration of psychological dispositions/attributes that defines each person - person centered approach - either/or
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Modern/Informal Types
Executive, Athletic, Motherly, Hip-Hop, Techno-geek
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Introvert
unsociable/reserved person, whose attention and energy are focused inward
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Extrovert
outgoing/expressive person, whose attention and energy are directed outward
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Personality Types
Friedman and Rosenman - Type A, B, C, D
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Type A
focuses on competition and achievements sometimes insecure (if not successful) regularly pushes to the breaking point - prone to suffer hypertension, stress, heart disease, and social isolation -the tobacco industry funds Type A research
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Type B
doesn't have the urgency to get a successful outcome. Procrastinators. Full social life because they like connecting with people and forming strong emotional bonds with them.
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Type C
focus on the fine details. higher stress because they are not assertive enough. do not do well with criticism (taking it, and harsh when giving it)
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Type D
pessimists. constant fear of rejection - higher risk of suffering from depression - 18-53% of Cardiac patients are Type D
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Psycholexical Approach
language makes up a certain group of people - personality represented through language - importance of words to describe individual differences
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
1. Strong Version: linguistic determinism. Language determines thought. 2. Weak Version: linguistic realtivity. influences thought. can shape and categorize the world but does not prevent them from understanding or learning new concepts
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Proactive VS Reactive
Proactive: anticipating potential stressors and taking preventative measures Reactive: responding to stress after it happens, focusing on immediate relief and damage control
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Sedimentation Hypothesis
important personality characteristics become part of that group's language. Most are encoded into a single word.
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Self-Efficacy Expectancy
belief in the ability to successfully perform a task
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Socialization Process
Emile Durkheim. Developmental construct for character. Character in adulthood can be defined by this process 1. learn respect for authority (school age- freud superego) 2. learn respect for the rights of others (early adolescence) 3. learn to articulate reason for why they respect the latter two (late adolescence- ideology to define identity)
41
Stock Character
a character in literature that is easily recognized and accepted by the reader requiring no development by the writer - advantages: shortcut, is predictable - inconvenient: risk of oversimplifying personality
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Temperament
IS NOT personality deals with core/fundamental characteristics and is the foundation for clusters of feelings differences are apparent in infants and more or less persistent over an individual's lifespan
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Temperament: Arguement
Kagen and Snidman Arguement: biologically based - "raw material" general emotional reactivity: distractability/attention, sensitivity/irritation, self regulation
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5 Temperament Things
1. Determinants of Development: biological (temp), social (pers) 2. Developmental Stages of being Shaped: children (temp), adults (pers) 3. Populations Targeted: animals and man (temp), man (pers) 4. Degree of Content Saturated Behaviour: absent (temp), present (pers) 5. Central Regulating Factor: insignificant (temp), significant (pers)
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Transactional Model of Stress
stress does not equal stimulus, but a relationship between a person and the enviro - how individuals perceive the demands of their own capabilities (subjective perspective) -> cognitive appraisal (assessment)
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Imbalance results in stress response
Emotional Experience (anger, fear, anxiety) Physiological Response (fight/flight) Behavioural (what the person actually does) Cognitive Response (what the person thinks- defense mechanisms, reappraisals, etc)
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Do Personality Types actually exist?
Revelle, Geriach, Amaral, Farb (RGAF): 1.5M participant study; maximize between cluster variance and minimize within cluster variance - tested correlation between OCEAN and ARC -founded new types that correlate stronger to OCEAN than ARC does
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RGAF- New Types
Average: high E and N, low O (will not find typical person in this category) Reserved: not particularly O, E, N; but high on C and A Role Model: low N but high O, E, A, C (F>M) Self Centered: high E but below in O, A, C (yu don't want to hangout with, but people usually graduate from this)
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Big 5 Personality Traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
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The Five Factor Model (FFM)
measuring the degree an individual expresses a particular personality trait - McCrae and Costa. proposed FFM. it can be applied validly and reliably across cultures - E and N: sensitive to emotions
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Personality Factors
CANOE (ocean)
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Personality Aspects
C: industriousness, orderliness A: compassion, politeness N: volatility, withdrawl O: intellect, aesthetic openness E: enthusiasm, assertiveness
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Personality Facets
C: achievement striving, competence, self discipline, deliberation, dutifulness, order A: tendermindedness, alturism, trust, compliance, modesty, straightforwardness N: angry hostility, impulsiveness, anxiety, depression, self consciousness, vulnerability O: ideas, actions, aesthetics, fantasy, feeling, values E: gregariousness, positive emotions, warmth, excitement seeking, activity, assertiveness
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Conscientiousness
Always striving to make enviro stable/predictable High C: reliable, organized, rule compliant, competent - costs: hyperjudgemental, obsessed and rigid Low C: laid back, messy, negligent, weak willed
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Conscientiousness Research
Conservative: high orderliness, low openness Liberal: low orderliness, high openness Sex Difference: functional/evolution perspective - C: NS, O: F>M, I: NS
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Industriousness
hardwork (achievement striving, competence, self discipline) - values: duty, diligence, focus, sacfrifice present for future
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Orderliness
organization (deliberation, dutifulness, order) - values: organizational ability, concentration on detail, borders and boundries sensitivity to disgust
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Agreeableness
grounded in social interactions High A: kind, lenient, forgiving, cooperative, alturistic, friendly - adaptation for meternal care Low A: suspicious, critical, selfish, vengeful - adaptation for socially predetory behaviour - less likely to be socially manipulated, high salaries, less resentment
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Agreeableness Research
Conservative: high politeness, low compassion Liberal: low politeness, high compassion Sex difference: most pronounced, women outscore (explains why more prisoners are men) - A: F>M, C: F>M, P: F>M
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Compassion
caring for, giving to, others (tendermindedness, alturism, trust) - actually cares for people (unlike High E)
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Politeness
respect for authority, follows rules (compliance, modesty, straightforwardness)
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Neuroticism
sensitivity to negative emotions (frustration, disappointment, pain, uncertainty, grief, anxiety) - people are more sensitive to negative than positive - people with bipolar score higher on N. Mania (volatility), Depression (withdrawl) High N, Low E: forestalling loss. preventing it because emotional pain Low N, High E: seeking gain. risk for gain because less emotionally painful
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Loss Aversion (Prospect Theory)
we are more sensitive to losing a given amount than winning the same amount - we hate losing
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Neuroticism Research
Sex Differences: 2nd largest - N: F>M, V: F>M, W: F>M Benefits of high N: adaptation for maternal care Costs of high N: pathological stress, depression
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Volatility
defensive aggressiveness (angry hostility, impulsiveness) - outward negative affect, disinhibition - easily angry, impulsive, touchy, moody
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Withdrawl
freezing (anxiety, depression, self-consciousness, vulnerability) - inward negative affect, inhibition - threatened, embarrassed, overwhelmed, guilt prone, depressed
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Openness
complex, curious, original, untraditional, liberal, nonconformist, imaginative, broad interests - O to fantasy: fictional stories = utility - looking at characters who went through experiences and persevered. - assessing some kind of tradeoff, at a much lower risk because we are not personally going through it
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Openness Research
Sex difference: not really significant - O: NS, I: M>F, AO: F>M Benefits of high O: attractiveness Costs of high O: unusual beleifs, psychosis - really high: become so interested in new ideas that they drown and absorb them
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Intellect
quick/divergent thinkers (ideas) - personality reflection of IQ. Intellect does not equal intelligence.
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Aesthetic Openness
creativity/imagination (actions, aesthetics, fantasy, feeling, values) - appreciation (aesthetic), daydreamers
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Extraversion
sensitivity to positive emotions moving toward desired goals can not NOT tell you about themselves
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Extraversion Research
Sex differences: less than A and N, but still relevent - E: F>M, E: F>M, A: M>F Benefits of high E: mating success, social allies, opportunities Costs of high E: financial/physical risks, family instability
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Enthusiasm
(gregariousness, positive emotions, warmth, excitement-seeking) - joiner, sociable, outgoing, open about life/feelings
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Assertiveness
(excitement seeking, activity, assertiveness) - take charge, first to act, lead the way, confident, dominant Assertiveness does not equal leadership - Visionary: high O, Competent: high C, Trustworthy: high A, Emotionally Stable: low N
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Big 5 Claim and Problem
primary claim: independent and factors are highest level core problem: do not seem to be completely independent of each other - negative correlation between C (orderliness) and N (volatility). FFM is applicable to nonhuman animals (but C is ONLY to chimpanzees
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FFM Metatraits
Digman, Deyoung. Stablity (CAN): emotional stability. coping with stress and neg emotions. - what people do not do. the extent the world tends to constrain these behaviours - serotonergic system Plasticity (OE): disposition toward exploration, ability to adapt, questions social norms - what people actually do. new experiences are intrinsically rewarding - dopaminergic system
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FFM: The Essence of Human Personality
1. almost any traits can be related to one of the five factors - can use FFM to date, select a roommate, etc 2. knowing big 5 can help predict behaviour - high C: does well in school, performs better at work, lives longer 3. FFM appears to be cross-culturally universal - regardless of language/translation -TAT: thematic apperception. what you see cognitively. drawings are vague for a reason, they unpack your personality and history
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FFM in nonhuman animals
can be applied. you can test them puzzle boxes dominance and activity are 2 other factors applied to animals
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Reliability VS Repeatability VS Validity
Reliability: consistency of a measure. extent it can be reproduced Repeatability: same questions to same person at different times= expect the same answers Validity: measures what it is supposed to. predicts real life outcomes - Precision: can hit off target but still be precise (consistency) - Accuracy: hits target everytime
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SHORT ANSWER: How do you define behaviour?
JB: both the witness and model of who you are. when watching someone engage you see their behaviour. more than the sum of its parts My answer?
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SHORT ANSWER: Individuality and Universality
Margaret Mead we are all different but have core shared experiences. common needs, desires, etc. no greater conformity than rebellion. we thrive to be uniqur but when we get to know people intimately they are not so different
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SHORT ANSWER: do you want to be happy all the time?
i want to not be sad. to not suffer (core of N)
PSYC 2650
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