Midterm 1 Study Flashcards

Question

What happens after implantation?

Answer 1

After implantation, the inner cell ball becomes the embryo! The outer becomes placenta and amniotic sac.

Answer 2

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord It forms around 4 weeks of cell differentiation in the embryo.

Answer 3

a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus It starts as the outer layer of the blastocyst and continues to develop from implantation, starts at cell differentiation (4 days).

Answer 4

a support organ for the fetus; it keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and pregnant parent separate, but a semipermeable membrane permits the exchange of some materials between them (oxygen and nutrients from pregnant parent to fetus, and carbon dioxide and waste products from fetus to pregnant parent) It starts as the outer layer of the blastocyst and continues to develop from implantation, starts at cell differentiation (4 days).

Answer 5

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

Answer 6

- Ectoderm: skin, sense organs, PNS & CNS – Mesoderm: muscles, circulatory system, skeletal, reproductive & excretory systems – Endoderm: digestive system, lungs, urinary tract & glands

Answer 7

Around 9 weeks Development growth, movement, skin hair, movement felt at 16 weeks. 4ths month sleep wake cycles, sensory systems, learning takes place too! 16-18 weeks it has the form of a baby, can have facial expression (unintentional)

Answer 8

Still an embryo, at this point sexual differentiation begins, responding to external stimuli, spontaneous movement, at 8 weeks its 3 cm long! cephalocaudal principle, apoptosis for fingers etc.

Answer 9

The fetus can learn and experience stimuli. The fetus has active involvement in its own development. Experience expectant events occur like swallowing, breathing, a babies hand movement and sucking help development. There is continuity after birth too. The hand sucked on the most becomes dominant.

Answer 10

Babies move undetectably a lot in the womb! Spontaneous movement can start around 7 weeks. Hiccups is one of the first phenomenon babies experience. Swallowing is really important for development. It develops reflexes, digestive system maturity, teaches tongue movement. Baby practices by swallowing the amniotic fluid, most gets spit back out into the sac. Breathing practice occurs when babies move their chest walls in and out. They practice this for when they are born!

Answer 11

fetuses can process visual information by the third trimester of pregnancy, and, much like newborn infants, fetuses have visual preferences. They prefer light displays in the projection of a face rather than other patterns.

Answer 12

Fetus's can differentiate taste and even remember taste postnatal.

Answer 13

fetus's can differentiate mothers voice (their heartbeat changes), the types of sounds fetus's hear can change their audio brain development. Afterbirth babies remember their mothers voice, native language, and songs/stories heard prenatally.

Answer 14

Habituation / dishabituation The sound of parents voices After birth they remember parents voice, still prefer it, and like altered versions of audio to mimic what voice sounded like in the womb. They prefer the same language they hear in the womb. They also remember smells, tastes, develop preferences for these.

Answer 15

Cell differentiation and when the placenta is not fully formed. Before implantation typically not susceptible to teratogens.

Answer 16

an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development

Answer 17

the period during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors. Different parts of the body are more suspectable to teratogens at different times in development.

Answer 18

Sedative for morning sickness, given in the 1960’s – Caused severe limb deformation if taken at – weeks 4-6

Answer 19

Low birth weight, impaired breathing during sleep, miscarriage, later cancer, increased aggression – Low birth weight transfers to the next generation

Answer 20

the greater the fetus’s exposure to a potential teratogen, the more likely it is that the fetus will suffer damage and the more severe any damage is likely to be.

Answer 21

the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on a developing fetus, including characteristic facial features, intellectual developmental disorder, attentional challenges, and hyperactivity the three primary diagnostic facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome disorder: small eyes (as measured across); the absence of, or flattening of, the vertical groove between the nose and the upper lip (smooth philtrum); and a thin upper lip. This facial phenotype is one of the diagnostic criteria for FASD.

Answer 22

Somesthetic/vestibular 1st, chemical 2nd, auditory 3rd, visual last. The sequential development of these is beneficial to development in mammals.

Answer 23

Stage 1 Effacement and Dilation Stage 2 Emergence of the baby Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta

Answer 24

The exact cause is unknown but evidence is suggesting the fetus's lungs fully develop and release a protein to trigger birth. When birth starts, oxytocin hormones cause rhythmic uterine contractions to initiate birth.

Answer 25

Effacement & Dilation The cervix softens and dilates to a full 10cm averaging 12-18 hours. - latent stage: brief and infrequent light contractions (usually lasts several hours) - active stage: 40-60 sec stronger contractions every 3- 5 mins. (typically lasts 2-3 hours) - transition: intense contractions every 2-3 minutes lasting 60-90 sec (typically 10-30 min)

Answer 26

Emergence of the baby Usually around 10-40 minutes, strong contractions every 2-3 minutes and the mother has a strong desire to push, helpful to control with each contraction

Answer 27

Delivery of the placenta The baby is out! 20-40 minutes after birth the placenta is expelled. Light contractions begin and its very important to get it all out or intense bleeding can occur.

Answer 28

It is stressful in a good way! The pressure on their head from birth gives them adrenaline which is good because sometimes babies stop breathing inexplicably. The head pressure really helps optimize the stress response system. Its not painful for the fetus and they typically breath on their own after.

Answer 29

The babies skull is made out of plates actually that can overlap slightly with each other making the baby's head smaller and bigger. This helps the baby fit but also stimulates hormones to help with oxygen deprivation. The squeezing forces amniotic fluid out of the lungs to make way for the first breath of air.

Answer 30

Different birthing settings: home, hospital, field * Different birthing methods, e.g. Lamaze * Different birthing positions * Doctor or midwife attending * Different pain control choices * Different degree of involvement of mother, father, and friends – or Doulas

Answer 31

A C-section is an incision made in the mothers abdomen and the baby is lifted out. The demand for these is going up. Baby can have breathing problems since there is no pushing. Lots of reasons to get a c-section, parental age, health conditions. 30% of births are c sections

Answer 32

State refers to a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity. The states are: - Alert Awake: 1st in learning - Active Awake: 4th in learning - Crying: worst in learning - Quiet sleep: 2nd in learning - active sleep: 3rd in learning - Drowsing

Answer 33

Alert awake: The baby is relatively still and calm, taking in the most about the world and learning the most. In active awake: the baby is moving about and exercising limbs, mucles etc. The baby is less able to take in information.

Answer 34

The crying stage typically peaks at 8 weeks. It is incredibly important for the parent to know that crying is normal because if they shake the baby in frustration one day they can give it a concussion.

Answer 35

Distractions with petting, rocking, singing, pacifier are all good. Swaddling (wrapping the baby in tight clothes or a blanket) is good too! Rapid response to your baby has mixed results in whether it actually gets the baby to stop crying as often, its case by case.

Answer 36

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason. No real solution, causes are unknown.

Answer 37

Operant conditioning, habituation, imitation

Answer 38

Rooting, sucking, eye blink, withdrawal, babinski, moro, palmar grasp, tonic neck, stepping, swimming

Answer 39

An educational invervention program by Ron Barr at UBC. It was meant to teach new parents about the crying patterns of kids and Shaken Baby Syndrome. It was provided in hospitals after birth, it decreased hospital visits for shaken baby syndrome.

Answer 40

Active sleep state: aka REM sleep. 3rd best learning. Rapid eye movements, dreaming, body movement, irregular heart beat. Quiet sleep state: aka non-REM sleep. 2nd best learning, slow brain waves, no motor or eye movement. Babies can learn sounds and patterns during sleep. A few ways to help babies sleep longer without waking up are, bedtime fading and delaying response time gradually.

Answer 41

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Sometimes there is no explanation for why babies die, but it almost always happens during sleep. Back to Sleep Campaign: a public health initiative to reduce SIDS. The recommendations are to have babies sleep on their backs, firm mattress, no soft objects, no pillow, no co-sleeping. Its ok to sleep in the same room, different bed.

Answer 42

Infants that weight less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds) are considered low birth rate. Many LBW infants are premature: any child born at 37 weeks after conception or earlier (as opposed to the normal term of 38 weeks) Small for gestational age babies exist too. Causes are: teratogens, airborne pollution, premature, twins etc.

Answer 43

MRF: negative developmental outcomes are much more likely when multiple risk factors present together. The more risk factors, the worse the potential outcomes. Some risk factors are: marital distress, low SES, paternal criminality, and maternal psychiatric disorder Low SES may be the worse since many other risk factors are associated with low SES Black families have the most infant deaths.

Answer 44

Developmental resilience: successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards certain personal characteristics, especially intelligence, responsiveness to others, and a sense of being capable of achieving their goals; and (2) responsive care from someone.

Answer 45

Main question: Does receiving paid maternal leave after childbirth relate to better toddler developmental outcomes—specifically language, cognitive, and socioemotional development—compared to unpaid leave? Also does SES matter + duration of leave? Methods: 328 mothers with 2-3 year olds, 211 had paid leave, 117 had unpaid leave. - Measures: BITSEA: assesses socioemotional competence and behavior problems PARCA-R: assesses language and cognitive skills. All mothers self report. Results Paid Leave: better language outcomes, even controlling for SES. Also fewer behavior problems for low SES parents No effect found for: cognition, overall socioemotional competence, length of leave. Limitations: No direct measure of maternal stress, correlational design, self report data, incomplete employment data.

Answer 46

Neurulation Encephalization Birth of Neurons Migration of neurons Differentiation of neurons - Growth of axons - establishment of synapses Regressive Processes

Answer 47

Starts at the end of the 3rd week. The ectoderm forms a neural plate at day 16. The ectoderm turns in on itself slightly until it forms a tube. The cells inside start the CNS and the cells on the inside start the ANS.

Answer 48

By 4 weeks, the neural tube differentiates into the 3 primary parts of the brain, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and the spinal cord. The whole embryo starts to curve now too. The establishment of the basic shape is starting and developing here.

Answer 49

Neurogenesis: the rapid increase of neurons through cell division Now that the neural tube has some shape, neurogenesis occurs and ventricles form on the inside. Glial cells and neurons form on the outside. Different types of neurons are born on different parts of the tube. Neurogenesis continues across life in the hippocampus, maybe the cortex.

Answer 50

Active migration: neurons that propel themselves towards their destination. Glial cells help them reach their destination and know when to stop. Passive migration: neurons that get push towards destination do to neurogenesis.

Answer 51

Neurons begin to mature at this stage, getting myelinated, growing axons and dendrites. The dendrites branching increases and gets more complex (arborization) teratogens can harm the guiding of neurons. Synapses get established here as well. Synaptogenesis: the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

Answer 52

initially in brain development there is an overproduction of axons, dendrites, and synapses. Pruning of these things occurs naturally to aid with organization and establishing optimal circuitry. Pruning can occur for two reasons: - competition: synapses that are used more will stay, those that don't get much action will sleep or be pruned. The other reason is pruning is signaled by genetics. most is competition, which leads to optimal circuitry.

Answer 53

ASD and Schizophrenia Kids with ASD have larger brains than regular kids, and adults have greater synaptic densities. Slow pruning is thought to be the cause.

Answer 54

Experience plays a central role in what is essentially a case of “use it or lose it.” The more often a synapse is activated, the stronger the connection between the neurons involved: in short, neurons that fire together wire together (Hebb, 1949). Conversely, when a synapse is rarely active, it is likely to disappear: the axon of one neuron withdraws and the dendritic spine of the other is pruned away. Some neurons are built to EXPECT EXPERIENCE, therefore if the experience they are expecting is not found during their critical period, those neurons will be pruned, resulting in poor performance in whatever area they were supposed to be for.

Answer 55

The brain’s capacity to be molded or changed by experience, referred to as plasticity. This allows adaptation to environment and less code in our genes.

Answer 56

The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of species-typical experiences. There is some experience that the brain expects to encounter and is hardwired to encounter. If that experience is missed in the critical period, the brain loses the ability to learn or develop in that field, for example babies with cataracts need to fix it within 60 days after birth or the brain moves on. Interestingly, the longer vision is impaired as an infant, the more neuron's will move to support auditory information. This is known as cross-modal reorganization.

Answer 57

Pros: less genes are required to be pre-installed in the brain Cons: Since EEP needs to be encountered there is vulnerability if it is not encountered. Development may be compromised upon missing experience.

Answer 58

The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experiences. The richer an environment means: more dendritic spines, more synapses, thicker cortex, more glial cells, more supportive tissue and blood vessels, that all maximize neuronal function. This leads to much better performance in learning tasks. (tested on animals)

Answer 59

Organization/capability that appears to emerge entirely through genetics & maturation, without specific triggering that we know of. This are things that are hardwired into our brains, like face-like stimuli preferences.

Answer 60

Main question: Does early bilingual experience alter infants’ brain organization for non-linguistic attentional orienting (i.e., how attention is directed and shifted), even before they can speak? Results: Bilingual infants don’t show behavioral advantages yet, but their brains organize attention differently — they use left and bilateral frontal regions earlier and more flexibly than monolinguals, reflecting early neural adaptation to managing two languages. The main difference in brain activity between bilingual and monolingual infants was where and how their brains activated during attentional orienting — even though their behavior looked the same.

Answer 61

each person’s complete set of hereditary information; the complete set of DNA of any organism, including all of its genes

Answer 62

It is a transaction in the sense that our environment changes how we behave and develop, which in turn will change our environment. This cycle continues through life.

Answer 63

Genotype: the genetic material an individual inherits Phenotype: the observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

Answer 64

meaning that traits are not controlled by one gene, there are many genes at play, most genes are controlled by many genes. The expression of most genes is influenced by the environment.

Answer 65

Refers to all the phenotypes that could theoretically result from a given genotype, in relation to all the environments in which it could survive and develop The range of phenotypes that a genotype can express in a given environment.

Answer 66

PKU: a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine, if consumed it will lead to impaired brain development. genotype results in very different phenotypes—intellectual developmental disorder or relatively normal intelligence—depending on environmental circumstances.

Answer 67

MAOA: A gene associated with inhibiting aggression. Scientists wondered why children who experience the same maltreatment and abuse can grow to be violent and anti social or not. It is the combination of maltreatment and an inactive MAOA gene that lead to violent behavior. Neither factor by itself made boys aggressive but it had to be the combo of the 2.

Answer 68

Changes in the genome that are brought about through experience and can be passed on to the next generation – sequence of amino acids is the same, but whether the genes are turned on or not changes

Answer 69

This is the turning on and off of genes. DNA methylation works like a dimmer switch, the tighter it wraps around the histone cones, the more inhibition of that gene. The more methylated the more inhibition. To be expressed they must be loosened. The environment impacts this. Methylated genes expressed Demethylated genes expressed

Answer 70

Grooming behaviour by rat mothers activates glucocorticoid receptor genes in offspring. The offspring of rat mothers who did not perform these maternal behaviours at the typical rate were more fearful and showed aberrant stress responses. Good mother rats offspring is: more curious, better stress response, better mothers themselves, passed onto next generation.

Answer 71

A study done on mice with identical DNA. The agouti gene has been methylated and shut down by changing the mothers diet. The methylated Agouti gene is inhibited in skinny mice, but lose in the fat ones.

Answer 72

Germans cut off food supply. Pregnant women children were affected differently depending on what stage of pregnancy they were in. 1st trimester: normal birthweight, obese later, diabetes 2nd and 3rd: SGA and later obese, diabetes. Risk transferred to next generation.

Midterm 1 Study Flashcards

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