Insect Taxonomy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Classification

A

The grouping of species

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

ii. Theory and practice of classifying

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3
Q

Systematics

A

Sciences of the diversity of organisms. The science dedicated to the discovery, organization and interpretation of diversity

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4
Q

Determination

A

Identification

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5
Q

Nomenclature

A

Application of names to species and higher taxa following the rules of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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6
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of the genealogical relationships

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7
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

Systematics that is based on some set of molecular data

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8
Q

Integrative Systematics

A

Systematics that incorporates available data from all sources

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9
Q

g. Beta taxonomy

A

Aspect of taxonomy concerning the arrangement of species in a system.

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10
Q

Scala Naturae

A

the crudest starting point for classification. It was a line

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11
Q

Downward classification

A

logical division, dichotomies

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12
Q

Upward classification

A

Assemble similar groups working from bottom and going up

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13
Q

Polyphyletic theory

A

multiple different events that produced arthropods and we just group these things together.

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14
Q

Monophyletic theory

A

there was one single path to arthropodization

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15
Q

Onychophora Synapomorphies

A
  1. oral papillae -slime glands
  2. peribuccula lobes (mouthparts)
  3. tracheal morphology
    1. extensively cross-linked nerve strands extending along the underside of body segments
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16
Q

Tartigrada Synapomorphies

A
  1. nerve commissure from the protocerebrum to the first trunk ganglion
  2. telescopic mouth and legs
  3. mitochondrial gene trnI located between genes trnL1 and trnL2
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17
Q

Ecdysis

A

the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Similarity to arthropoda in tardigrada

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18
Q

General characteristics of Arthropoda

A
  1. Body segmented
  2. Tagmosis
  3. Open circulatory system - hemocoel
  4. Complete gut
  5. nervous system
  6. ecdysis (molting)
  7. Muscles in segmental bands
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19
Q

Arthropoda Synapomorphies

A
  1. lateral compound eyes
  2. cuticle forms exoskeleton
  3. jointed appendages
  4. specialization of gut
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20
Q

Trilobita tagmata

A
  1. Cephalon
  2. Thorax
  3. Pygidium
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21
Q

Trilobita appendages

A
  1. exite lobes

2. endite lobes

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22
Q

Crustacea tagmata

A
  1. Cephalothorax

2. Abdomen

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23
Q

Chelicerata Tagmata

A
  1. Prosoma (cephalothorax)

2. Opithosoma (abdomen)

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24
Q

Chelicerata appendages

A

6 pairs

  1. Pair chelicerae
  2. Pair pedipalps
  3. 3 pairs are legs
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25
Class Merostomata
(Chelicerata) horseshoe crab
26
Class Pycnogonida
(Chelicerata) Sea spiders
27
Class Arachnida Tagmata
1. Prosoma | 2. Opisthosoma
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Class Arachnida appendages
1. 1 pair of chelicerae 2. 1 pair of pedipalps 3. 4 pairs of legs
29
Order Uropygi
whipscorpions
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Order Palpigradi
micro whip scorpiones
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Order Schizomida
short-tailed whip scorpiones
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Order Amblypygi
Tail-less whip scorpiones
33
Subphylum Myriapoda tagmata
1. Cephalon | 2. Trunk
34
Subphylum Hexapoda Synapomorphies
1) Tagmatization (head, throax, abdomen) 2. Labium 3. Loss of abd. appendages
35
Subphylum Hexapoda Characteristics
1. pair of lateral compound eyes 2. appendages (antennae, mandible, maxillae, 2nd maxillae) 3. wings often present 3. gonopore
36
Ellipura members
Protura + Collembola
37
Ellipura sister group
Diplura + Insecta
38
Ellipura Synapomorphies
1. Advanced entognathy | 2. Linea ventralis
39
Ellipura Characteristics
1. antennal flagellomeres intrinsically musculated 2. 1 seg tarsi 3. monocondylic mandibles 4. wingless
40
Protura Synapomorphies
1. no tentorium 2. no antennae 3. fore-legs modified and
41
Collembola Synapomorphies
1. only 6 abdominal segments 2. collophore tube on AI 3. retinaculum on AIII 4. furcula on AIV
42
Cercophora
Diplura + Insecta
43
Cercophora Synapomorphies
1. Cerci | 2. Paired tarsal claws
44
Diplura Synampomorphies
not any good ones
45
Insecta sister group
Diplura
46
Insecta synapomorphies
1. Ectognathy 2. Johnston's organ 3. flagellomeres 4. tari subsegmented
47
Clade Dicondylia Synapomorphies
1. Dicondylic mandibles
48
Members of dicondylia
Zygentoma
49
Pterygota Synapomorphies
1. wings
50
Pterygota members
everything with wings
51
Ephemeroptera Synapomorphies
1. no functional mouthparts 2. males have enlarged forelegs 3. Turbinate eye
52
Odonata Synapomorphies
1. Pterothorax 2. Auricle 3. prehensile labial mask
53
Phylogenetics
the study of genealogical relationships
54
Parsimony Analysis
– a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.
55
Maximum Likelihood
to determine the tree topology, branch lengths, and parameters of the evolutionary model that maximize the probability of observing the sequences at hand
56
Bayesian Analyses
combines the information in the prior and in the data likelihood to create the so-called posterior probability of trees, which is the probability that the tree is correct given the data, the prior and the likelihood model
57
Apomorphy
A new, modified character state in an evolutionary transformation series.
58
Autapomorphy
An apomorphy that is unique to a specific taxon.
59
Character
A variable feature (attribute) of a taxon.
60
Character state
One of the variant conditions of a character.
61
Cladogram
A branching diagram illustrating a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among taxa.
62
Clade
An entire portion of a phylogeny that is descended from a single ancestral species.
63
Monophyly
The state that a group has when it includes a common ancestor and of its descendants
64
Paraphyly
The state that a group has when it includes a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants.
65
Phylogeny
The genealogy of a group of taxa.
66
Polyphyly
A state that a group has when its most recent ancestor is assigned to some other group and not the group itself.
67
Plesiomorphy
The original, preexisting character state in an evolutionary transformation series.
68
Sister group
A species or higher monophyletic taxon that is hypothesized to be the closest genealogical relative of a given taxon exclusive of the ancestral species of both taxa.
69
Synapomorphy
A shared character state for a group of taxa which is thought to have originated as an evolutionary novelty in the most recent common ancestor of the taxa.
70
Taxon
A named taxonomic unit to which individuals, or sets of species, are assigned.
71
Neoptera Synapomorphies
1. Third axillary sclerite w/pleural wing-folding muscle 2. Axillary sclerites with lines of flexion 3. Reduction in veins in the wing
72
Dermaptera Synapomorphies
1. Telescoping abdominal segments 2. Hindwing circular with radiating veins 3. Female with A8-A9 internalized. Male has A10 segments
73
Order Grylloblattodea
ice crawlers | rock crawlers
74
Order Mantophasmatodea
gladiators | heal walkers
75
Order Zoraptera Synapomorphies
1. 9 segmented antennae 2. 2 segmented tarsomeres 3. hind legs have swollen femora 4. Highly reduced winged venation - no vanus
76
Superorder Dictyoptera members
Crockroaches, termites, and mantis
77
Superorder Dictyoptera synapomorphoes
1. toothed proventriculus 2. Perforated cephalic tentorium 3. enlarged subgenital plate 4. Oothecae
78
Order Mantodea synapomorphies
1. raptorial forelegs | 2. prothorax morphology
79
Evolutionary taxonomy
aka eclectic taxonomy. used experts, character weighting and phylogram
80
phylogram
a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to how many character changes have been inferred along the branches.
81
Phenetic Classification
totally numerical & used a phenogram. used quantified characters and included every single character. Used OTUs and algorithms
82
Phenogram
diagram depicting taxonomic relationships among organisms based on overall similarity of many characteristics without regard to evolutionary history or assumed significance of specific characters: usually generated by computer.
83
Cladistic classification
a modern form of taxonomy that places organisms on a branched diagram called a cladogram (like a family tree) based on traits such as DNA similarities and phylogeny.
84
Superorder Acercaria members
Psocoptera, Phthriaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera
85
Superorder Acercaria synapomorphies
i. cerci lost ii. sternum I reduced/lost iii. abdominal ganglia fused iv. postclypeus swollen w/dilator muscles (looks like they have a fat upper lip) v. asymmetrical mandibles vi. spermatozoans with two flagella
86
Psocodea membera
Psocoptera + Phthiraptera
87
Psocodea Synapomorphies
(1) sclerotization in cibarium (2) polytrophic ovarioles (3) reduced ovipositor
88
3 suborders of Psocoptera
1. Trogiomorpha 2. Troctomorpha 3. Psocomorpha
89
Phthiraptera synapomorphies
1. Unmovable head 2. Short, stout antennae 3. Ectoparasite
90
4 suborders of phthiraptera
1. Rhynchophthirina 2. Ambylcera 3. Ischnocera 4. Anoplura
91
Thysanoptera synapomorphies
1. pretarsal bladder 2. 3 stylet mouth 3. Atrophied right manidble 4. Cone shaped feeding projection 5. wings bearing fringe of setae
92
Hemiptera synapomorphoes
1. Hemiptera beak
93
Senso lato means
in the broad sense
94
Senso stricto mean
in the narrow sense
95
Homoptera suborders
Auchenorrhyncha | Sternorrhyncha
96
Members of Sternorrhyncha
coccoids, whiteflies, mealy bugs, scales and aphids
97
Opisthognathous
mouthparts between forelegs
98
tectiform wings
position of wings is tentlike or rooflike
99
Superfamily Psylloidea members
Psyliidae + other families
100
Pytophogous
feeding on plants
101
What is a lerp
a structure of crystallized honeydew produced by larvae of psyllid bugs as a protective cover
102
Superfamily Aleyrodidae members
whiteflies
103
Vasiform orifice
synapomorphy of aleyrodidae. A honeydew-excreteing organ -cuplike structure to chuck honeydew away from themselves
104
Superfamily Coccoidea members
scale insects and mealybugs
105
Suborder Auchenorryhyncha synapomorphies
1. Tymbals and tympanum | 2. Setaceous antennae
106
Infraorder Cicadomorpha members
Ciadas membracids cercopidae
107
Infraorder Fulgoromorpha members
Acanloniidae, Delphacids, Flatidae, Dityopharidae, Derbidae
108
Plesiomorphy
ancestral trait
109
Heteroptera synapomorphies
1. gula 2. abdominal scent glands in nymphs 3. hemelytra
110
Heteroptera members
ENICOCEPHALOMORPHA DIPSOCOROMORPHA GERROMORPHA NEPOMORPHA
Insect Taxonomy
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