Onychophora Synapomorphies
- oral papillae -slime glands
- peribuccula lobes (mouthparts)
- tracheal morphology
- extensively cross-linked nerve strands extending along the underside of body segments
Tartigrada Synapomorphies
- nerve commissure from the protocerebrum to the first trunk ganglion
- telescopic mouth and legs
- mitochondrial gene trnI located between genes trnL1 and trnL2
Arthropoda Synapomorphies
- lateral compound eyes
- cuticle forms exoskeleton
- jointed appendages
- specialization of gut
Subphylum Hexapoda Synapomorphies
1) Tagmatization (head, throax, abdomen)
2. Labium
3. Loss of abd. appendages
Ellipura Synapomorphies
- Advanced entognathy
2. Linea ventralis
Protura Synapomorphies
- no tentorium
- no antennae
- fore-legs modified and
Collembola Synapomorphies
- only 6 abdominal segments
- collophore tube on AI
- retinaculum on AIII
- furcula on AIV
Cercophora Synapomorphies
- Cerci
2. Paired tarsal claws
Diplura Synampomorphies
not any good ones
Insecta synapomorphies
- Ectognathy
- Johnston’s organ
- flagellomeres
- tari subsegmented
Clade Dicondylia Synapomorphies
- Dicondylic mandibles
Pterygota Synapomorphies
- wings
Ephemeroptera Synapomorphies
- no functional mouthparts
- males have enlarged forelegs
- Turbinate eye
Odonata Synapomorphies
- Pterothorax
- Auricle
- prehensile labial mask
Neoptera Synapomorphies
- Third axillary sclerite w/pleural wing-folding muscle
- Axillary sclerites with lines of flexion
- Reduction in veins in the wing
Dermaptera Synapomorphies
- Telescoping abdominal segments
- Hindwing circular with radiating veins
- Female with A8-A9 internalized. Male has A10 segments
Order Zoraptera Synapomorphies
- 9 segmented antennae
- 2 segmented tarsomeres
- hind legs have swollen femora
- Highly reduced winged venation - no vanus
Superorder Dictyoptera synapomorphoes
- toothed proventriculus
- Perforated cephalic tentorium
- enlarged subgenital plate
- Oothecae
Order Mantodea synapomorphies
- raptorial forelegs
2. prothorax morphology
Superorder Acercaria synapomorphies
i. cerci lost
ii. sternum I reduced/lost
iii. abdominal ganglia fused
iv. postclypeus swollen w/dilator muscles (looks like they have a fat upper lip)
v. asymmetrical mandibles
vi. spermatozoans with two flagella
Psocodea Synapomorphies
(1) sclerotization in cibarium
(2) polytrophic ovarioles
(3) reduced ovipositor
Phthiraptera synapomorphies
- Unmovable head
- Short, stout antennae
- Ectoparasite
Thysanoptera synapomorphies
- pretarsal bladder
- 3 stylet mouth
- Atrophied right manidble
- Cone shaped feeding projection
- wings bearing fringe of setae
Hemiptera synapomorphoes
- Hemiptera beak
