Midterm 2

Question 1

what are the 4 oickle criteria to confessions

Answer 1

1. not made under treaths or promises by policeman
2. not pressured by distasteful or inhumane conducts
3. is the suspect of sound mind
4. is the degree of police trickery used appropriate

Question 2

what is the main objective of the Reid model of investigation?

Answer 2

for the suspect to confess to the crime

Question 3

what are the 3 stages of the Reid interrogation model

Answer 3

1. gathering info on the case through witnesses and victims
2. doing a non-accusatory interview with the suspect to assess perceived deception
3. conduct an accusatory interrogation with the suspect to get a confession

Question 4

What are the two techniques used in the reid model

Answer 4

minimization techniques (good cop) to make individual feel false sense of security
maximization techniques (Bad cop) to intimidate suspect

Question 5

what are the 4 problems with the REID model

Answer 5

1. deception detection
2. investigator bias (suspect believed to be guilty)
3. coercive nature of interrogation (risk of false confession)
4. admissibility in court

Question 6

What does the PEACE model stand for?

Answer 6

Planning & preperation
Engage and explain
Account
Closure
Evaluation

Question 7

What is the objective of the PEACE model of interrogation

Answer 7

gathering info not a confession

Question 8

what are the 3 kinds of false confessions

Answer 8

Voluntary false confession
Coerced-compliant false confessions
Coerced-internalized false confession

Question 9

why do jurors miss false confessions

Answer 9

in counters self-interest
difficult to distinguish false and true confessions

Question 10

what is criminal profiling?

Answer 10

investigation technique used to identify major personality and behavioural characteristics based off an analysis of the crimes committed

Question 11

What is the criminal profiling system like in Canada

Answer 11

Violent crime linkage analysis system (VICLAS) is a online system built reduce linkage blindness across the country

Question 12

what are the 5 categories of profiling

Answer 12

crime scene profiling
geographic profiling
psychological profiling
suspect-based profiling
psychological autopsy

Question 13

What are the 2 main approached to crime scene profiling?

Answer 13

Deductive analysis, using the case or cases to make deductive conclusions upon the suspect
inductive analysis, using statistical averages of the charateristics of the typical offender of solved cases to associate with the current case

Question 14

explain the characteristics of an organized offender and crime scene

Answer 14

offender is methodological and cunning, quite amiable, carries out the crimes further from their residence
the crime scene is deliberate, cold and systematic

Question 15

explain the characteristics of an disorganized offender and crime scene

Answer 15

the offender lacks cunning, has trouble maintaining relationships, averts society and commits crime closer to their residence
the crime scene is chaotic and messy

Question 16

what is personation

Answer 16

any behaviour that goes beyond what is necessary to commit a crime - e.i. a signature

Question 17

what is staging

Answer 17

intentional alteration of the scene left for policemen

Question 18

what is undoing

Answer 18

behaviourla pattern at the crime scene in which the offender tries to psychologically undo the crime

Question 19

what is geographic profiling?

Answer 19

identifying the probable resident or area of next crime using the location and spacial relationships among the various sites

Question 20

what is geographic mapping

Answer 20

analysis of spatial patterns of crimes committed by numerous offender over a period of time

Question 21

geographic profiling

Answer 21

analysis of geographic locations associated with spatial movements of an offender

Question 22

what is psychological profiling

Answer 22

used to identify and predict dangerous individuals in society

Question 23

what is suspect based profiling

Answer 23

Method of identifying the psychological or behavioural features of persons who may commit a particular crime

Question 24

what are the 3 typologies of terrorists

Answer 24

1. rationally motivated terrorist, driven by theoretical goals like politics
2. Psychologically motivated terrorist, commits violence out of a sense of failure or inadequacy aas a means of revenge
3. Culturally motivated terrorist, has an overriding fear of losing cultural identity or extermination

Question 25

What is psychological autopsy

Answer 25

reconstructing the emotional life and behaviour patterns of a deceased person to determine to mode and motive of death

Question 26

what are factors that make eyewitness testimony unreliable

Answer 26

anxiety and stress presence of a weapon suggestive questioning misinformation effect age and race etc.

Question 27

what are the stages of memory

Answer 27

perception, encoding, short-term memory, long term-memory and retrieval

Question 28

what is the difference between recall and recognition memory

Answer 28

recall is reporting details of a previously witnessed event or person recognition it determining whether a previously seen item or person is the same as what is currently being viewed

Question 29

what is witness contamination?

Answer 29

when a witness is contaminated by information by other witnesses thus contaminating their own experience

Question 30

what is the misinformation effect

Answer 30

when a witness is given inaccurate information after an event and will incorporate that info in their recall task

Question 31

what are two procedures used to interview eyewtinesses

Answer 31

hypnosis and cognitive interviews

Question 32

what are the pro and cons of hypnosis for eye witness interviews

Answer 32

it can help develop the memory in greater detail BUT only works if the client trusts the hypnotist is willing and believes in it and is serious about it

Question 33

what is the use of cognitive interviews

Answer 33

retrieval of memory

Question 34

how can you test a witnesses recognition memory

Answer 34

video surveillance records voice identification live line ups or photo arrays

Question 35

what are the two types of distractors used in live lineups

Answer 35

a similarity to suspect strategy a match to description strategy

Question 36

why are photo lineups better than live line ups

Answer 36

- less time consuming to put together - portable - photos do not move, no behavioural bias - reduced anxiety for the eyewitness

Question 37

what are the two live line ups formats

Answer 37

simultaneous line up - all at once, compare each member to one another to find the one that most resembles the suspect Sequential line up - presenting a member one at a time, can compare the member to their memory of the suspectw

Question 38

what are the two other alternative procedures for line ups

Answer 38

show up - presenting the police suspect by themselves, more biased Walk by - going to a public place where the suspect is prone to being and seeing if the eyewitness will point them out of the crowd

Question 39

what are the estimator variables when it comes to recognition memory?

Answer 39

the age of the witness the race and the weapon focus

Question 40

what is the comparison question polygraph test

Answer 40

includes irrelevant questions to the crime, relevant questions and comparison questions comcerning a person's history innocent react more to unrelated questions guilty react more to related questions

Question 41

What is the concealed information polygraph test

Answer 41

determine if the person knows details about a crime that only the culprit would know multiple choice questions, guilty reacts to real answer innocent has a standard reaction to all the choices

Question 42

what are the problems with polygraph's

Answer 42

Concealed is hard to form as the person might have heard info from media, people can quite easily deceive these tests if they were admissible in court people would attribute too much value to them which does not correlate with the accuracy

Question 43

what are 4 other deception detection techniques

Answer 43

verbal cues non-verbal cues event related brain potentials hypnosis

Question 44

are people good at detecting deception

Answer 44

not really, we rely on behaviour cues that lack validity and we have a truth bias, plus there only small differences between a lie and a truth teller

Question 45

what are the 2 different disorders of deception

Answer 45

factitious disorder or munchausen - a person intentionally creates psychological and physical symptoms of a sick person Somatoform disorder or conversion disorder - unintentional physical symptoms suggest a physical illness but no known underlying physiological cause

Question 46

what is malingering

Answer 46

intentionally faking a psych or physical symptom for a personal gain can be used by people facing trial, attempting to pass as unfit to stand trial to avoid sentencing

Question 47

3 explanatory models of malingering

Answer 47

pathogenic - underlying mental disorder, exaggerating symptoms to obtain control criminological - antisocial personality disorder, forensic assesement, lack of cooperation adaptational - presence of a perceived adversarial context, person stakes are very high and no other alternatives are perceived

Question 48

what are some cues to malingering psychosis

Answer 48

suspicious delusions or hallucinations discrepancies in interview behaviour vs solo behaviour absence of subtle signs of psychosis, focus on positive and extreme symptoms

Question 49

what is psychopathy

Answer 49

personality disorder affective interpersonal, effective and behavioural characteristics ex: lack of remorse or empathy, manipulation

Question 50

how to tell if someone is a psychopath

Answer 50

assesment of interpersonal, affective and behavioural features through a 20 item rating scale, 30+ score means psychopath 20-29 means psychopathic tendencies

Question 51

what are the advantages and disadvantages in self reported measures

Answer 51

Advantages - inexpensive, easy to conduct, can detect faking, measures attitudes and emotions that cannot be easily observed Disadvantages - psychopaths tend to lie and manipulate and malinger, may not have sufficient insight on thei rown traits, do not experience all emotions so cant report them

Question 52

violence and psychopathy

Answer 52

psychopaths make upa. small portion of population but large proportion of all crime committed start their criminal career young persist longer and commit a greater variety of crime more likely to reoffend

Question 53

what kind of violence is a psychopath most liekly to engage in

Answer 53

predatory, callous, calculated, towards strangers and not reactive in nature

Question 54

how to psychopaths behave in interrogation

Answer 54

try to outwit the interrogator enjoy being the focus of attention try to control the interrogation will not buy bluffs attempts to shock interrogator

Question 55

what are suggestions when interrogating a psychopath

Answer 55

be familiar with the case show liking or admiration avoid criticism avoid talk of emotions