Program Planning > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Need

A

A state of deprivation arising out of the basic innate biological characteristics of humans.

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2
Q

Interest

A

An awareness or feeling about what one would like to do or acquire.

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3
Q

Want

A

A culturally learned behaviour pattern for satisfying specific needs.

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4
Q

Intention

A

The commitment to acquire specific satisfies or wants under given market conditions.

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5
Q

Normative Needs

A

Objective standard by trained individuals.

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6
Q

Felt Needs

A

Perceptions of what people would do.

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7
Q

Expressed Needs

A

Fulfilled through participation

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8
Q

Comparative Needs

A

What one has compared to other.

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9
Q

Approaches to Needs Assesment

A
  • Citizen advisory groups
  • Public meetings and workshops
  • Interviews
  • Surveys
  • Social Media
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10
Q

Citizen Advisory Groups

A

Approach to needs assessment that has:
- Community residents, advise staff or board
- Created to provide insight into the needs of the program

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11
Q

Public Meetings and Workshops

A

Approach to needs assessment that is:
- Used to achieve input on: policy development, planning issues, budget allocations or leisure needs and preferences
- Workshop is more organized than a public meeting w/ small discussion groups and an agenda
- Those that attend tend to have the biggest opinion

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12
Q

Surveys

A

Approach to needs assessment that is:
- Excellent at gathering info but poor at giving info to the public
- Can give you full view of all citizens

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13
Q

Four P’s of Marketing

A
  • Product
  • Price
  • Place
  • Promotion
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14
Q

Product

A

The good or service

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15
Q

Price

A

What the consumer pays

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16
Q

Place

A

Product placement

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17
Q

Promotion

A

Advertising

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18
Q

Functions of Promotion

A

To inform, educate, persuade and remind.

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19
Q

Ways to Influence

A
  • Rational persuasion
  • Inspirational appeals
  • Exchange tactics
  • Coalition tactics
  • Pressure
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20
Q

Comprehension

A

Need to make sure your audience understands what you are marketing

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21
Q

Experience

A
  • Previous good or bad experience comes into play
  • People with little to no previous experience are easier to persuade
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22
Q

Repetition

A

Initial increase in favourness, diminishing returns when it declines

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23
Q

Communication Channels

A
  • General public
  • Target market
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24
Q

General public

A
  • Mass communication
  • Chosen to market to all
  • Eg. Newspaper, community brochure
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25
Target Market
- Already identified marketers - Information provided to those most likely to use - Eg. flyers, email lists
26
News Releases
- Most newsworthy info first - Important details - Other general info
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Methods of Marketing
- Web-based - Email - TV - Social media - Specialty publications - Tourism offices/chamber of commerce
28
Registration
Developing a list of individuals qualified to be in a program.
29
When do you require registration?
- Participants must pay a fee to participate - The number of spaces in a program is limited - Places in a program are expensive to provide - Some special qualifying procedure is required to participate - The agency needs specific information participant
30
Registration Methods
- Central location - Program location - Telephone - Fax-in - Online method - Combination of methods
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Types of Queues
- Single line- single service - Multiple lines- multiple service - Single line- multiple service - Station to station
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Reducing Stress in Line
- Register order - Improve speed - Assure certainty of service - Start service while in line - Post the time required in line - Have the queue move forward - Make the queue fun
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Staffing Process
1. Job Analysis 2. Job Description 3. Recruitment 4. Selection 5. Orientation 6. Training 7. Appra
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Staffing Process
- Job Analysis - Job Description - Recruitment - Selection - Orientation - Training - Appraisal - Compensation
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36
Job Analysis
A thorough study of the principal components of the job in order to figure out job description, salary, interview questions etc.
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Job Description
Job title, summary, supervision, compensation, duties and responsibilities, qualifications, application process and closing date.
38
Recruitment
- Ongoing - Done long in advance of any needs - Internal - External
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Selection
Includes resumes, application forms, interviews, personality tests, background checks, certifications and value alignment.
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Orientation
- Introduction to agency - Helps adjust to demands of job - Helps integrate into agency
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Training
- External training prerequisites - Preseason training - In-service training
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Appraisal
Evaluating employees performance based on their responsibilities.
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Compensation
- Pay - direct wage - Incentives- commissions, bonuses, memberships, professional developments - Benefits - medical, retirement, etc.
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Contract
- Not in the employment of the agency and not subject to direct supervision - No benefits - Pay their own taxes - No salary, a direct payment based on a contract fee or a % of income - Lowers costs
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Cost-based Pricing Strategy
Dependant on what the cost is of running the program.
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Going-rate Pricing Strategy
Price based on what others are charging for similar services.
47
Demand-oriented Pricing Strategy
Price on “what the traffic will bear” (value pricing)
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Line Units
Directly involved with program production (eg. equipment)
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Service Units
Provide services to other units and the organization as a whole (eg. electricity)
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Step 1
Step where: Pricing Strategies
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Step 2
Step where: Establishing line and service units
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Step 3
Step where: Preparing line-item budget
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Preparing line-item Budget
- Must match revenues with expenses - Line units will have expenditure and income - Service units will only have expenditures
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Step 4
Step where: Allocating costs
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Cost
What it costs to run the program
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Price
What you are charging participants
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Cost Objective
- Direct costs - Indirect costs
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Cost Allocation
Methods of splitting costs: - Equal share, %, time budget, cost tracking, space
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Step 5
Step where: Pricing program services
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Variable costs
Costs that will change with each participant
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Fixed Costs
Costs that don’t change with number of participants.
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Changing Fixed Costs
Certain volume makes it shift
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Break even Point
How much each participant will have to pay in order to cover the organizations cost of running the program
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Step 6
Step where: Establishing a Price
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Loss Leader Idea
Priced to lose money and make it up in other ways/get them in the door and hook them.
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Program Evaluation
The careful collection of information about a program in order to make decisions about it.
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Evaluation
Judging the worth of program services based on an analysis of systematically collected evidence.
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Program Evaluation
1. Purpose of Evaluation 2. Process for collecting the info 3. Analyzing the info 4. Reporting the info
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Purpose of Evaluation “WHY”
What will you evaluate, purpose, use, questions, info, timeline, resources needed?
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Process for Collecting Info “WHAT”
What sources, data collection methods and procedures will you use?
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Analyzing the Info “HOW”
How will data be analyzed, interpreted and by whom?
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Reporting the Info “WHY, HOW, WHAT”
How will the evaluation be communicated and shared?
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Components of a Comprehensive Evaluation System
- Formative evaluation - Summative evaluation - Ongoing in-depth evaluation - Evaluation database - Strategic evaluation
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Importance Performance Evaluation Techniques
Evaluation Techniques that: - Examines desirability of product - Research on participant satisfaction and expectations - Pre/post evaluation - Matrix
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Importance Performance Plan
- Purpose: worth of program - Audience: supervisors and admin - Process: identify program attributes - Issues: patrons judgements - Evidence: participants perception - Data gathering: pre and post tests - Analysis: matrix - Resources: time, instrument development, collection - Reporting: review matrix
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Service Hour Evaluation Technique
Evaluation technique that: Expand on head count to get more information past the baseline
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Service Hour Evaluation Plan
- Purpose: service distribution - Audience: programmers, administrators, policy - Process: data collected - Issues: distribution of programs - Evidence: service hour - Data gathering: recorded - Analysis: database - Reporting: written report
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Satisfaction-Based Evaluation Technique
Evaluation technique: Based on participant satisfaction; have leisure experiences been provided?
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Satisfaction-Based Evaluation Plan
- Purpose: Leisure engagement - Audience: program managers, supervisors, admin - Process: participant reports - Issues: providing leisure experiences - Resources: valid and reliable measures - Evidence: reports - Data gathering: complete instrument - Analysis: comparisons - Reporting: various
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Goal and Objective Evaluation Technique
Evaluation technique: Were goals and objectives met?
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Goal and Objective Evaluation Plan
- Purpose: Judge worth of program based on outcomes - Audience: all - Process: standards; discrepancy; change - Issues: measure points - Evidence: SMART - Data gathering: varies - Analysis: compare - Resources: time and expertise - Reporting: written
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Triangulated Evaluation Technique
Evaluation technique: Multiple perspectives, well-rounded idea.
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Triangulated Evaluation Plan
- Purpose: decision making - Audience: supervisors and admin - Process: three sources, three techniques - Issues: lots of people, lots of questions - Resources: instruments - Evidence: various - Data gathering: at least three - Analysis: summary - Reporting: written
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Disposition Decision
Final step in the development cycle with three choices: 1. Operate the program again with no change 2. Modify the program 3. Terminate it
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The Program Life Cycle
- Introduction - Growth - Maturation - Saturation - Decline
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Introduction: The Program Life Cycle
The Program Life Cycle: Lots of effort to launch, cost per participant high due to low registration
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Growth: The Program Life Cycle
The Program Life Cycle: Number of patrons increases rapidly, programmer must meet demand
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Maturation: The Program Life Cycle
The Program Life Cycle: Rate of new patrons slows down, most marketing effort occur in this stage; longest stage
90
Saturation: The Program Life Cycle
The Program Life Cycle: Almost all repeat business, most competitive stage
91
Decline: The Program Life Cycle
The Program Life Cycle: Falling enrolments
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