midterm 2

Question 1

What is the number one preventable risk factor for osteoarthritis? and how?

Answer 1

obesity
- inflammatory environment, sedentary lifestyle

Question 2

is osteoarthritis purely mechanic?

Answer 2

No, its in hands and fingers not just overloaded joints

Question 3

What is visceral fat

Answer 3

hidden and stored deep in belly around intestine and liver organs

Question 4

What is abdominal obesity

Answer 4

a condition where excessive visceral fat around the stomach has built up

Question 5

What is a key risk factor associated with health risks and visceral fat

Answer 5

visceral adipose tissue

Question 6

What is Ectopic fat

Answer 6

excess adipose tissue that is not classically associated with adipose tissue storage

Question 7

What are the risks associated with ectopic fat, and what is it responsive to?

Answer 7

increases cardiometabolic disease, responsive to exercise

Question 8

What is the definition of insulin resistance?

Answer 8

physiological condition where the natural hormone insulin becomes less effective at lowering glucose

Question 9

What are 5 potential mechanisms for insulin resistance

Answer 9

free fatty acids
ectopic fat
inflammation
adipokines (adipose tissue cytokines)
adiponectin

Question 10

how do adipocytes function as endocrine cells

Answer 10

they release adipokines and cytokines that regulate metabolism and processes

Question 11

what is a concern with excessive adipose tissues/adipocytes (2 things)

Answer 11

promotes chronic inflammation and increases risk of CVD/diseases

Question 12

is fat tissue (adipose) biologically active?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

What arre 6 factors affecting energy balance

Answer 13

sleep, stress, genetics, epigenetisc, obesity in youth, critical periods

Question 14

Over time, adults are reporting _____ sleep, 3 in 10 adults report __ hours or less a night. What kind of evidence is this, a survery from 1980s then in 2004?

Answer 14

less sleep, 6 hours

cross sectional/longitudinal evidence

Question 15

Most studies with less than 7 hours have a _____ BMI

Answer 15

higher

Question 16

what is the relationship between sleep and obesity?

Answer 16

it is bidirectional; they each can worsen the other
- tired ness and sleep apnea

Question 17

Sleep deprivation ______ intake in rats and humans in experimental evidence?

Answer 17

increases

Question 18

whats the difference between leptin and ghrelin and what are they released by

Answer 18

leptin: released by adipose tissue, eat less

ghrelin: released by stomach, eat more hungry

Question 19

What is the biological mechanisms of shorter sleep, leptin and ghrelin

Answer 19

shorter sleep decreases leptin and increases ghrelin

Question 20

Cortisol is the most potent __________ and causes resistance of hormone?

Answer 20

most potent glucocorticoid, and causes insulin resistance

Question 21

what is a glucocorticoid (does 3 things)

Answer 21

stress hormone that raises blood glucose and influence metabolism and inflammation

Question 22

What is cushings syndrome and 5 things it causes (that is shared with what other syndrome?)

Answer 22

cushings is excess cortisol of any cause

abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dysilpidemia

metabolic syndrome

Question 23

What is dyslipidemia

Answer 23

high levels of lipids in the blood that increases CVD risk

Question 24

In response to stress chronic psychological stress, whats the split of people that gain, lose, or remain stable in weight? What group of people tend to gain weight more often?

Answer 24

40% gain weight. 40% lose weight, 20% are stable

Overweight/obese

Question 25

experimental evidence suggests that acute stress increases the hormone _____ which causes individuals with greater reactivity to that hormone to consume ___ calories

Answer 25

stress increases cortisol, and individuals with greater cortisol reactivity consume more calories after cortisol spike

Question 26

Obesity has a _____ genetic component what two pieces of evidence shows this (family patterns and twin overfeeding studies)

Answer 26

obesity has significant genetic component family patterns support inherited risk twin overfeeding studies show that genetic factors affect how much fat people gain in response to overeating

Question 27

What did the Quebec twin studies show? (3 things)

Answer 27

weight gain during overfeeding and weight loss during negative energy balance are influenced by genetic factors individuals exposed to same energy difference do not respond the same visceral fat appears to be particularly heritable

Question 28

How to define childhood obesity?

Answer 28

use BMI 85th % of BMI= overweight risk 95th% of BMI overweight

Question 29

What are the critical periods of obesity risk

Answer 29

prenatal life and infancy

Question 30

How does breastfeeding, smoking in critical period affect BMI?

Answer 30

breastfeeding: lower BMI smoking: higher childhood BMI

Question 31

What is the relationship between birth weight and adult BMI

Answer 31

J shaped or U-shaped

Question 32

What does the Dutch Famine Study show? (2 things)

Answer 32

fetal undernutrition has long term effects on obesity risk early-mid gestation exposure increasing later obesity risk

Question 33

excessive weight gain of mother can do what to utero?

Answer 33

alter utero environment to promote obesity

Question 34

early gestational weight gain (GWG) is linked to what 3 conditions/effects?

Answer 34

postpartum weight retention, gestational diabetes, childhood obesity

Question 35

Exercise was associated with a 31% _____ in the risk of a large baby

Answer 35

decrease

Question 36

How has the definition of obesity changed

Answer 36

went from size, to impairing health

Question 37

What are the 5 steps to obesity management

Answer 37

Step 1 (ASK): Recognize obesity as a chronic disease Step 2 (ASSESS): assessment of an individual living with obesity Step 3 (ADVISE): discussion of the core treatment Step 4 (AGREE): agreement with the person living with obesity Step 5 (ASSIST) engagement by health care and indivudal with obesity

Question 38

What are the three main goals of obesity/weight loss

Answer 38

Prevention Losing weight maintaining weight loss

Question 39

What is clinically significant weight loss, and what two things does it reduce?

Answer 39

greater than or equal to 5% of baseline body weight reduces CVD and type 2 diabetes

Question 40

maintaining energy balance is ____ difficult in a low energy flux state than in an active lifestyle with higher expenditure

Answer 40

more difficult

Question 41

What is FITT, and volume

Answer 41

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type Volume= frequency x time or energy expenditure

Question 42

What are two reasons why increasing EE for weight loss would work?

Answer 42

Effect on energy balance is proportional to increase in EE Increase Fat and CHO oxidation would be expected to have favorable health consequences

Question 43

Why wouldn't increasing EE for weight loss work? (3 reasons)

Answer 43

Achievable amounts of exercises lead to small increases in EE Adherence to changes in exercise is poor Increasing EE could be linked to compensatory increases in EI

Question 44

For body composition what kind of bouts of exercise are best

Answer 44

shorter bouts

Question 45

Why would increasing exercise intensity work for weight loss? (3 things)

Answer 45

Same EE in less time Greater preservation of FFM Decreased appetite after high intensity exercise

Question 46

Why wouldnt increasing exercise intensity for weight loss? (4 reasons)

Answer 46

Less enjoyable less accessible less self efficacy Greater risks

Question 47

What intensity in oxygen uptake for greatest absolute fat oxidation, and greatest relative fat oxidation

Answer 47

absolute fat= 65% relative fat= 25%

Question 48

What intensity of oxygen oxidation is the greatest caloric expenditure, as well as relative and absolute CHO oxidation

Answer 48

85%

Question 49

even when energy expenditure is similar, what intensity exercise produces greater reduction in body weight and fat mass?

Answer 49

high intensity

Question 50

What are 4 steps of resistance training decreasing body fats

Answer 50

increases muscle mass, RMR, total EE, decreases body fat (fat oxidation)